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| Muscle cells can generate forces that produce motion. Muscles that are attached to bones produce limb movements, whereas those muscles that enclose hollow tubes or cavities move or empty contents when they are contract |
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| A response to a stimulus is manifested by a wave of excitation, an electrical potential that passes along the surface of the cell to reach its other parts. chief function of nerve cells |
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| All cells can take in an use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings |
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| Certain cells, such as mucous gland cells, can synthesize new substances from substances they absorb and then secret the new substances to serve as needed elsewhere. |
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| All cells can rid themselves of waste products resulting from the metabolic breakdown of nutrients. Membrane-bound sacs (lysosomes) within cells contain enzymes that break down, or digest, large molecules, turning them into waste products that are released from the cell. |
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| Cells absorb oxygen, which is used to transform nutrients into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate(ATP). Occurs in organelles called mitochondria. |
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| Is vital for cells to survive as a society of cells. Allows the maintenance of a dynamic steady state. |
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| *Movement *Conductivity *Metabolic Absorption *Secretion *Excretion *Respiration *Reproduction *Communication |
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| What does the nucleus do? |
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| contains the nucleolus , most of the cellular structure DNA and the DNA-binding proteins that regulate its activity. |
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| What does the mitochondria do? |
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| Contain machinery needed for cellular energy metabolism. Enzymes of respiratory chain, found in inner membrane, generate most of cell's ATP. |
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| What does the cell membrane do? |
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| provides the structure, protection, activation, storage, and maintains cell to cell interaction. |
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water and small, electrically charged particles move easily through pores in the plasma membrane's lipid bilayer.
*osmosis*hydrostatic pressure*diffusion |
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| the movement of water 'down' a concentration gradient -that is, across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to on of lower concentration. |
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| the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration. |
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| the movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of greater pushing pressure (force) on one side of the membrane than the other side. |
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| the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes |
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| the overall effect of colloids, such as plasma proteins |
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| (passive and active) involves integral of transmembrane proteins with receptors that are highly specific for the substance being transported. |
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| active transport of Na+ and K+. found in virtually all mammalian cells. Na+ moves out of the cell and K+ moves into the cell. The process leads to an electrical potential and is called electrogenic. |
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a section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from outside the cell, invaginates (folds inwards), and separates from the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that moves into the cell.
*pinocytosis (cell drinking)
*phagocytosis (cell eating) |
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occurs for secretions of macromolecules in almost all eukaryotic cells.
(1) replacement of portions of the plasma membrane that have been removed by endocytosis. (2) release of molecules synthesized by the cells into the extracellular matrix. |
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| uses energy or electrically charged ions for movement. |
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| used for muscle contraction and active transport of molecules across cellular membranes. It not only stores energy but also transfers it from one molecule to another. energy stored by |
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| protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules called ligands |
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| chemical and receptor signaling |
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| recognition and binding depend on the chemical configuration of the receptor and its smaller ligand, which must fit together like pieces of a jigsaw pussle |
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| plasma membrane receptors |
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| protrude from or are exposed at the external surface of the membrane and are important for cellular uptake of ligands. The ligands that bind with membrane receptors include hormone, neurotransmitters, antigens, complement components, lipoproteins, infectious agents, drugs and metabolites. |
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| tiny flask shaped pits dimpled on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. Involved in several processes including cell communication. They pinch off from the membrane and deliver their contents to either and endosome or the plasma membrane on the opposite side of a polarized cell. |
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