Term
| What are the subunits of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 components of a nucleotide |
|
Definition
Phosphate group
5 Carbon Sugar (pentose)
Nitrogenous Base |
|
|
Term
| What sugar does RNA contain? DNA? |
|
Definition
RNA contains ribose
DNA contains 2-deoxyribose |
|
|
Term
| Name the two purine nitrogenous bases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the two pyrimidine nitrogenous bases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are complementary strands? |
|
Definition
| Opposing strands of DNA, forming a double helix |
|
|
Term
| What type of bonds holds DNA strands together? |
|
Definition
Hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases
Hydrophobic interactions between adjacent bases
Phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| What is found at the 5' end of a strand of DNA? And the 3'? |
|
Definition
| Free phosphate group ; Free hydroxyl group |
|
|
Term
| What happens when RNase digestion occurs on chromosome? |
|
Definition
| Chromosome is partially unfolded (RNA cleaved) |
|
|
Term
| What happens when DNase digestion occurs on a chromosome? |
|
Definition
| Chromosome is partially uncoiled (nicked DNA) |
|
|
Term
| How do telomeres protect chromosome ends |
|
Definition
Prevent DNase digestion
Prevent fusion of chromosomal ends
Facilitate replication of ends of linear DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provide an attachment point on chromosomes for microtubules during mitosis |
|
|
Term
| What base is found in RNA instead of thymine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sense strand? |
|
Definition
| The strand that is transcribed into mRNA during transcription |
|
|
Term
| What is the template strand? |
|
Definition
| The strand of DNA that is used to create a new strand during transcription |
|
|
Term
| What occurs before RNA polymerase binds to the template strand during transcription? |
|
Definition
| DNA helix is locally unwound |
|
|
Term
| In what direction does the RNA polymerase read? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the 'Initiation' phase of transcription |
|
Definition
| RNA polymerase binds to a specific sequence of DNA on the template strand, at the beginning of a gene |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the 'Elongation' phase of transcription? |
|
Definition
| the mRNA transcript is assembled in the 5'-3' direction |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the 'Termination' phase of transcription? |
|
Definition
Termination sequence is reached, transcription stops
Endonuclease cleavage occurs |
|
|
Term
| In eukaryotes, what further modifications are made to the pre-mRNA transcript before translation? |
|
Definition
Cap is added to the 5' end
poly-A-tail is added to the 3' end
Introns are removed by splicing |
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 types of RNA that genes encode for |
|
Definition
snRNA (small nulear RNA)
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
tRNA (transfer RNA)
mRNA (messenger RNA)
miRNA (micro RNA) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during translation? |
|
Definition
| mRNA sequence directs the assembly of proteins on the ribosome unit |
|
|
Term
| In what direction does the ribosome move along the mRNA strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe 'termination' of the translation process |
|
Definition
UAG termination codon is reached, translation stopped
Release factor 1 binds to UAG codon
tRNA leaves the E site
Ribosome unit dissociates |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 words describing the genetic code |
|
Definition
Ordered
Degenerate
Universal |
|
|
Term
| What are sister chromatids? |
|
Definition
| Individual components of a chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA sequence, binding site for other transcription factors (eukaryotes only) |
|
|
Term
True or false
The ER & Golgi are fragemented during cell division, and reform during telophase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false
Mitochondria & chloroplasts are divided exactly equally between daughter cells |
|
Definition
False
They are divided randomly (no guarantee each daughter cell has the same number) |
|
|
Term
True or false
Nuclear chromosomes are duplicated & divided exactly evenly between daughter cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the stages of the mitotic cell cycle |
|
Definition
G1 (gap 1)
S (synthesis)
G2(gap 2)
M (mitosis) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during GAP 1? |
|
Definition
| Cellular growth & metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during Synthesis? |
|
Definition
| DNA Replication / Chromosome duplication |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during GAP 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs during mitosis? |
|
Definition
| Cellular division/chromosome separation, cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
| What are quiescent cells? |
|
Definition
Cells that are not in an active cycle, may exit G1 and enter a G0 state
e.g. neurons w/ axon and dendrites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condenses duplicated chromosomes during metaphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Joins sister chromatids at the centromere |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during mitotic interphase? |
|
Definition
Chromosomes duplicate
Sister chromatids are joined at the centromere |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during mitotic prophase? |
|
Definition
Duplicated chromosomes condense
ER & Golgi fragment, nucleolus disappears
Nuclear membrane starts to break down |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during mitotic prometaphase |
|
Definition
Microtubules attach to kinetochores on outer surface of centromeres
Chromosomes move towards the equator |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during mitotic metaphase |
|
Definition
Chromosomes align in the midle of the spindle poles
Nuclear membrane is broken down |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during mitotic anaphase? |
|
Definition
Centromeres split, chromatids separate & move to opposite poles of the cell
Spindle poles start to separate |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during mitotic telophase? |
|
Definition
Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindles, disperse & decondense
Nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes
Golgi & ER reform
Daughter cells form by cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
| Where are kinetochores found? |
|
Definition
| On the outside of centromeres |
|
|
Term
True or false
Meiosis 1 begins with a diploid cell, and produces two genetically distinct haploid cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the four phases of prophase that take place during Meiosis 1 |
|
Definition
Leptonema
Zygonema
Pachynema
Diplonema |
|
|
Term
| What happen during metaphase 1? |
|
Definition
| Chromosomes align on equatorial plane |
|
|
Term
| What happens during anaphase 1? |
|
Definition
| Chromosomes disjoin & move to opposite ends of the cell |
|
|
Term
| What happens during telophase 1? |
|
Definition
| Chromosome movement is complete, new nuclei begin to form |
|
|
Term
| What happens during prophase 2? |
|
Definition
| Chromosomes condense & attach to spindle fibres |
|
|
Term
| What happens during metaphase 2? |
|
Definition
| Chromosomes align on equatorial plane |
|
|
Term
| What happens during anaphase 2? |
|
Definition
| Chromatids disjoin & move to opposite ends of the cell |
|
|
Term
| What happens during telophase 2? |
|
Definition
| Chromatids decondense, new nuclei begin to form |
|
|
Term
| What happens during cytokinesis? |
|
Definition
| Haploid daughter cells are separated by the formation of new cytoplasmic membranes |
|
|
Term
| What happens during prophase 1? |
|
Definition
| Paired chromosomes condense & attach to spindle fibres |
|
|
Term
True or false
Crossing over/recombination occurs during Diplonema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false
During diplonema, homologous chromosomes separate fully |
|
Definition
False
They remain joined at the chiasmata |
|
|
Term
| Are spermatogonia haploid (n) or diploid (2n)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are primary spermatocytes? |
|
Definition
| Diploid products of chromosome duplication in spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What does Meiosis 1 produce in Spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Secondary spermatocyte (n) |
|
|
Term
| What does Meiosis 2 produce in Spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an oogonium (2n) undergoes chromosome duplication & pairing, what is produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during Meiosis 1 in Oogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Primary oocyte divides to form the first polar body & secondary oocyte (n) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during Meiosis 2 in Oogenesis? |
|
Definition
First polar body divides, producing two haploid polar bodies
Secondary oocyte divides, forming an egg (n) and a polar body |
|
|
