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a growth factor receptor which encodes a protein tyrosine kinase. Resembles an epidermal derived growth factor (EGF) receptor. Lacks the growth factor binding domain and the cytoplasmic binding domain. Permanently Stimulates uncontrolled cell division with or without EGF
c-erb-B2- breast cancer |
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| growth factor which resembles platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) causes an autocrine stimulation of PDGF receptors. This leads to uncontrolled cell division |
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| Encodes a protein tyrosine kinase. It is located on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane where it can remain active and continuously phosphorylate proteins leading to uncontrolled cell division. |
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| encodes a small G protein. Normally the binding of a growth factor will activate SOS which activates ras binding to GTP. In the oncogene ras binds to GTP but is unable to hydrolyze it because it cannot function as a GTPase. This leads to uncontrolled cell division. |
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| Normally myc is expressed in response to growth factor stimulation of cells which causes it to induce the transcription of genes which cause cells to enter the S phase. However, overexpression of myc causes cancer. |
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| What chromosomal events cause cell transformation? |
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| Translocation and mutation |
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| The process of taking DNA from human cancers and inserting it into cultured cell lines (immortal cells)in petri dishes and examining them for transformation |
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| uncontrolled cell growth or division |
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| Receptor that is permanently active and therefore continues to allow cell division and growth without stimulus |
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| a Recessive oncogene is a defective tumor suppresor gene, a dominant oncogene are things such as v-sis, v-erb-B, v-src, v-ras, v-myc |
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The gap between mitosis and S phase
accounts for variations is cell cycle time
Senescent cells exit in G1 and enter G0
Includes the checkpoint commitment or start which is the point of no return |
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| Phase during which DNA synthesis occurs |
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| Gap between S phase and mitosis |
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Phase where Nuclear division occurs
Includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase as well as cytokinesis |
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| Checkpoint or point of no return which occurs in G1 prior the the entrance into S phase |
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M-phase promotion Factor
required for a cell to enter mitosis
contains Cyclin B and cyclin-dependend protein kinase (cdk1)
It is in its highest concentration during mitosis |
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cyclin-dependent protein kinase
requires cyclin B in order to be active
part of MPF
cyclin B accumulates until the middle of mitosis and is the broken down/degaded by phosphorylation in order to end mitosis
active cdk1 phosphorylates Rb |
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Retinoblastoma protein
tumor suppresor gene
phosphorylated by cdk1 which allows it to relase E2F which is a transcription factor for the production of many genes during S Phase |
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Tumor suppresor gene
prevents damaged DNA from entering S phase until the damage is repaired
If damage cant be repaired then cell must undergo apoptosis |
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Tumor suppresor gene
prevents damaged DNA from entering S phase until the damage is repaired
If damage cant be repaired then cell must undergo apoptosis |
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continue to divide forever
also called a cell line |
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