Term
|
Definition
| Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane and Nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A phospolipid bilayer that forms a physical barrier that is selectively permeable and is used to form structure of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| e at membrane surface in contact with internal and external environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form the interior of the membrane; this prevents water and solutes from passing through the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot be removed w/o damaging the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Span the width of the membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind to inner and outer surface of membrane; can be removed easily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attach the cell membrane to other structures and stabilize the cell by binding to the cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used by immune system to determine if cell is/isn’t normal (glycoproteins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catalyze reactions in cytosol and/or extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are sensitive to specific extracellular molecules (ligands) that may cause cellular changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these bind solutes and transport them across cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a central pore formed by some integral proteins that permits the movement of water, ions and small solutes across cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receive and transmit messages into cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| channels, carry signals, carriers of hormones, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help in cellular adhesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help in cellular recognition (inmmune) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The carb portion of these molecules extend beyond the outer surface of the membrane to form a layer called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lubrication and protection of cell membrane
Anchoring and Locomotion of the cell
Serve as specialized receptors
Recognition as normal by immune system to prevent attack of one’s own cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material located between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane. It has high protein content. Made of cytosol and organelles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| higher concentration of K+. Lower concentration of NA+.Higher concentration of proteins, many of which are enzymes that regulate cell metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The internal call structures that function in maintaining cell structure, growth, maintenance, metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Don't come in contact with cytosol.
ER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| Non Membranous Organelles |
|
Definition
Have some direct contact with cytosol.
Cytoskeleton, Microvilli, Centrioles, Cilia, Ribosomes, Proteasomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Provides a protein framework to give cytoplasm strength and flexibility.Functions in metabolic organization of cell by determining where in the cell these reactions will occur.
Cytoskeleton includes:
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Thick filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smallest part of cytoskeleton
composed of actin; in periphery of cell.
Functions:
Anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins of cell membrane and give additional strength
Determine consistency of cytoplasm: if they have formed a dense network, the cytoplasm is gel-like; if they are more dispersed, the cytoplasm is fluid
Actin interacts with Myosin to move a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give cell strength and maintains shape
Stabilized position of organelles
Provides a stable position of the cell with respect to surrounding cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Composed of myosin
Found in muscle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
largest part of cytoskeleton
Extend outward from centrioles toward periphery of cell, giving cell strength and rigidity, and anchors organelles
Can disassemble to aid changes in cell shape
Aids in movement of vesicles or organelles
Form spindle apparatus used in mitosis
Forms structure of centrioles and cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Finger-like projections on exposed surface of cell membrane
Function: Increase surface area of cell exposed to extra cellular enviroment
Important for absorption
Location: digestive and urinary system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in all cells that can divide
Made of microtubules, arranged in 9 groups of 3; none in center (9+0)
Used in cell division to form the spindle apparatus needed to move DNA strands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Long, slender extensions of cell membrane
Location:
Arrangement: 9 pairs of microtubules that surround a central pair (9+2)
Function: movement of material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for protein synthesis using info from DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scattered in the cytoplasm where they produce proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attached to ER, where they are processed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Function to remove proteins that were produced w/in cytoplasm by free ribosomes
Uses proteases
Recycles damaged or abnormal proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A network of intracellular membranes connected to the nuclear membrane
ER forms hollow tubes, flat sheets, and chambers (cisternae)
Functions:
Synthesis of proteins, carbs, lipids
Storage of material from cytosol
Transport of material through the cell
Detoxification from drugs by use of enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No ribosomes attached
Functions to synthesize lipids and carbs used for cell membranes, steroid hormone synthesis
In muscle cells, functions to absorb ions
In liver & kidney cells, functions to detox from drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where new proteins are synthesized, processed, and packaged before going to Golgi Apparatus
Proteins are attached to outer surface
The synthesized proteins are packed into membranous sacs that pinch off the cisternae (becoming transport vesicles) to deliver their contents to the Golgi apparatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Receives newly synthesized protein from ER via transport vesicle
Consists of 5-6 cisternae
3 functions:
Modifies and packages secretions for release via exocytosis
Renewal of cell membrane
Packages enzymes w/in vesicles for use in cytosol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Are special vesicles produced in the Golgi Apparatus
Contain digestive enzymes
Functions:
Destruction of bacteria
Clean and recycle inactive cells
This may become problematic if not controlled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produced by subdivision of existing peroxisomes
Saclike structures
Function to absorb and break down fatty acids
Results in generation of hydrogen peroxide
Other peroxisomes then must break this down to O2 and H20
This prevents dangerous free radical formation
Synthesis of bile acid
Detoxification of alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Energy production (ATP)
# of mitochondria in a cell varies on the energy demands of a cell
RBCs have none
Structure: Double membrane
Outer membrane surrounds
Inner membrane w/many folds (cristae) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase the surface area exposed to the fluid inside the mitochondria (matrix) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glucose is broken down into CO2, H2O, and large amount of ATP (glycolysis)
Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm, which then moves into mitochondria
With O2 and enzymes present in the mitochondria, pyruvic acid is converted to CO2 and H2O and ATP (Krebs/citric acid cycle/ TCA cycle/Tricarboxylic acid cycle)
If O2 is not available, pyruvic acid cannot enter mitochondria and it is then converted to lactic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The control center of the cell
Stores all info needed to synthesize all proteins in human body
Nucleus is surrounded by a double nuclear membrane (perinuclear space is between)
Nuclear pores allow info about protein synthesis from cytosol to enter into nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluid inside the nucleus
Contains nuclear matrix which is a network of filaments used for structural support
Also contains ions, enzymes, RNA, DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synthesize rRNA
Contain proteins (histones) that form a complex w/DNA called nucleosome- this allows a lot of DNA in little space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loosely coiled nucleosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tightly coiled nucleosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functional unit of heredity, containing all triplets needed for protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the production of RNA from a DNA template |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains triplets that specify aa sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains complementary triplets used for mRNA production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| property of cell membrane that determines what substances can enter or leave the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid-soluble substances can easily pass through (alcohol, fatty acids, steroids) |
|
|
Term
| Channel Mediated Diffusion |
|
Definition
| if a molecule is too large, it may take longer to pass through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diffusion of water toward a higher concentration of solutes in order to maintain equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the force with which water moves as a result of solute concentration the ability to “pull” water into the cell |
|
|
