• Bacteria and Archaea
• Small, Simple
• No membrane bound nucleus

• Complex
• Membrane Bound
• Complex Organelles

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

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Eukaryotic Cell Structure

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• Contains DNA from cytoplasm
• Separates DNA from cytoplasm
• Double Membrane

• Regulate entry/exit of molecules
• on Nucleus

• Obvious in Nucleus
• Synthesis of Ribosomal rRNA
• Large and Small
• Ribosomes

• In Nucleus
• Aggregation of Chromosomes when cell is not dividing

• Protein Synthesis
• Instructed by mRNA

Two Types of Ribosomes

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• Free - in cytoplasm
• Bound - to ER/nuclear membrane

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• Network of membranous tubules and sacs (cisternae)
• Continuous with Nuclear Membrane

• Lipid Synthesis
• Calcium ion Storage
• Detox Drug/Poison by adding hydroxyl 

• Secretory Protein Synthesis
• Vesicle Bud Transport from transitional ER region
• Produce cell membranes

Golgi Apparatus and Structure

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• Receiving Storing Shipping
• Cis-face: Receiving
• Trans-face: Shipping

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• Cisternae move from cis to trans
• Molecules modified as cisternae move
• Molecular tags specific to destination

• Membrane enclosed bag
• Contains hydrolytic enzymes
• Low pH
• Intracellular Digestion

Lysosomes digest components of its cell

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Outside substance transported to cell by food vacuole, lysosome digests

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Membrane bound vesicles

Includes food, contractile vacuoles

• Plants
• Macromolecule storage (proteins)
• Inorganic ion storage (K+ and Cl-)
• Reduce of ratio of plasma membrane:cytoplasm volume

• Cellular Respiration
• Converts energy for cellular use
• Makes ATP
• Semiautonomous
• Small Amount of DNA
• Grow and Reproduce within Cell

Mitochondria Structure

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1. Smooth Outer
2. Convuluted Inner

• Photosynthesis
• Semiautonomous organelle
• Has DNA
• Two Membranes-Inner and Outer

Fluid filled region outside of Thylakoids

Inside Chloroplasts

Inside Chloroplast

Inner Membranous Structures

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• Nuclear Envelope
• ER
• Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
• Cell Membrane

• Membrane Bound
• Has enzymes that move hydrogen to oxygen
• Enzymes convert H₂O₂ to water
• Breaks down fatty acids for respiration

• Support
• Organelle Anchorage
• Cell Motility

1. Microtubules
2. Microfilaments
3. Intermediate Filaments

• Hollow rods 
• Made of tubulin-polypeptide dimer
• Cell Motility
• Chromosome Movement During Cell Division
• Organelle Movement

Locomotion

Whip

One or few per cell

Long

Oar

Locomotion

Many

Short

Can be motile or not

• Core of microtubules <--extension of cell membrane
• Basal plate anchor
• 9+2 pattern =9 doubles, 2 singles in center
• Cross-linking proteins connect doublets

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• Motor Protein
• Bends microtubules
• ATP changes shape
• wave-like motion