Term
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Definition
| -Coined the word 'cell' - tiniest component of living systems |
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Term
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Definition
| -Separating the cell to study it's components using a centrifuge. |
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Definition
| -Basic unit of life that performs all functions necessary for life and reproduction |
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Definition
-Occurs in all organisms and is highly specific to its host
-Can only reproduce when entering the cell |
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Definition
-Cells with no nucleus (genetic info in the nucleoid)
i.e. bacteria, mycoplasmas |
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Definition
-Cell with nucleus, nuclear membrane and DNA
-The Nucleus carries most genes in an eukaryotic cell
i.e. Protista, fungi, animalia, planta |
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Definition
-Nuclear side of envelope lined by nuclear lamina (shape)
-DNA/proteins organized into CHROMATIN
-When dividing chromatin -> chromosomes
- nucleus = chromatin/nucleolus |
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Definition
-Material between plasma membrane/nuclear envelope
->80% water/nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates |
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Definition
-Contains rRNA and proteins -> L subunit/S subunit
-Synthesizing L quantities of proteins = saturated with ribo. |
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Term
| Endomembrane System part 1 |
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Definition
-Includes nuclear envelope, E.R., Golgi, Lysosomes, Vacuoles
-In direct contact/connected via vesicles
-Transport vesicles |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
-Lacks ribosomes and plays process in metabolism
-Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, steroids
-Detoxifies |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
-Abundant in cells secreting proteins
-Secretory proteins packed in transport vesicles
-Proteins synthesized directly into membrane
-Enzymes synthesized phospholipids in cytosol |
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Definition
-Transport vesicles from ER -> G.A. modifies contents
-Made up of Cisternae, membranes separates internal from cytosol
- Cis - recieves material by fusing w/ vesicles
- Trans - buds off vesicles that travel to other sites
- Cis -> Trans modifications of products reach final state |
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Term
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Definition
-Hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules
-Hydrolyze protens, fats, polysaccharides/nucleic acids
-works best @ PH 5, pumps H ions from cytosol -> lumen
-Massive leakage = autodigestion |
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Definition
-When food brought into cell involved w/ lysosome
-Can fuse w/ other organelle/part of cytosol = autophagy |
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Definition
-Food, contractile/central
-Contractile = pumping water out (water regulation)
-Tonoplast = selective in solute transport
-Stockpiles proteins deposits in metabolic by products/ strong defensive compounds
-Key in synthesis/hydrolysis of macromolecules.
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Term
| Mitochondria & Chloroplasts |
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Definition
-Converts NRG
-MITO: Cellular resp = ATP
-CHLORO = photosynthesis
-Dynamic structures can reproduce
-Moves around on tracks in cytoskeleton |
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Definition
| -Enzymes that transfer H ions from substrates of oxygen = hydrogen peroxide = Hydrogen peroxide -> water |
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Definition
-Network of fibres (organizes structure/activities of cell)
-Mechanical support (maintain shape of cell/fibres act as geodesic dome)
-Anchorage for organelles
-Dynamic (breaks apart/reassembles to change cell shape) |
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Term
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Definition
-Composed of protein tubulin
-Responsible for cell shape/mobility, chrome mvmt/organelle mvmt.
-Guides motor proteins |
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Term
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Definition
-Muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming cell motility/cell division
-Intermediate (anchors nucleus + organelles) |
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Definition
-Microtubules grow out of centrosome
-Centrosome (pair of centrioles each w/ 9 triplets of microtubules (centrioles replicate)) |
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Definition
-Driven by DYENIN -> ATP = NRG
-Anchored by basal body (centriole) |
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Term
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Definition
-Actin filaments arranged parallel to one another
-Thicker filaments (motor proteins, myosinn, interdigitate w/ thinner actin filaments)
-Myosin walks along actin filament, pulling stacks of actin fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| -Actin-myosin interactions/sol-gel transformations drive cytoplasmic streaming |
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Term
| Intercellular Junctions: Anchoring |
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Definition
| -2 cells attached by intercellular filaments |
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Term
| Intercellular Junctions: Tight |
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Definition
| -Prevents mvmt of material betwen cells |
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| Intercellular Junction: Gap |
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Definition
| -Intercellular connection |
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Term
| What do cells need to survuve? |
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Definition
-Complete set of genetic info
-Growth, repair, development |
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Definition
-Activity of cells between divisions
-Grow, adding cytoplasmic constituents
-DNA replicated/divided into two identical daughter cells. |
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Term
| Prokaryotic Cell: Cell Cycle |
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Definition
-Cell. division called binary fission
-Chromosome = circular loop
-Cell elongates, plasma membrane added between chromosomes
-plasma memb. grows inward |
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| Eukaryotic Cell: Cell Cycle |
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Definition
-Cell division = mitotic division
-(CHROMOSOMES) Contains almost all gen. info, # varies w/ species
-Interphase & Mitotic division
-Interphase = longest (chromatin)
-G1= size increases/organelles may replicate
-S= DNA synthesis replicated
-G2= division preparation, cell committed to divide
(PMAT) - cytokensis |
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Term
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Definition
-Strands of linear DNA
-46 strands average length 4 cm |
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Term
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Definition
-(BOUND PROTEINS) Protect, package, duplicate, transcript, regulate, modify
-DNA + bound protein = chromatin
-Division phase chromatin become chromosomes (single molecule of DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
-Division of somatic cells in eukaryotic organisms
-Ploidy: Specific # of sets
-Mitosis/Meiosis lead to diff ploidy outcomes
-Haploid: One copy of each chromosome (n)
-Diploid: 2 copies (2n) |
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Term
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Definition
-Chromatin fibers become tightly coiled chromosomes
-Nucleoli disappear |
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Term
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Definition
-Nuclear envelope fragments
-Microtubules connect to chromosomes/kinetochores formed |
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Term
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Definition
-Centrosomes @ opposite poles/centromeres on metaphase plate
-Kinetochores of each chromatid connected to other microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
-Paired centromeres separated
-Centromere first |
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Term
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Definition
-Daughter nuclei form/nuclear envelope reforms
-Chromatin fibers become less condensed
-Nucleolus reforms |
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Definition
-Two microtubules organizing centers
-Spontaneously arise from tubulin dimmers
-MO centre microtubules have opposite polarity
-Meet at equatorial plate
-Chromatids attach via kinetochores
-Pull chromatids appart post-centromere breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
-Process of splitting daughter cells apart
-Optional i.e. muscle cells, plant cells
-Actin filaments, contractile ring -> motor protein
-Cell wall -> pinches off but then have to lay down cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
-Timing/rate of cell div = crucial for development
i.e. skin cells, liver
i.e. nerve/muscle cells do not
-Cell cycle control system
-Molecules trigger/coordinate key events
-Clock regulated by ext. adjustments/internal controls
-G1 checkpoints - restriction point. if not - G0, specialized cells stop reproduction |
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Term
| Internal and External Clues (G1) |
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Definition
-Kinetochores signal when all connected, if not all connected cell would have diff # of chromosomes
- growth factors in media may be needed
-Cells crowded stop dividing/ animal cells must be anchored to divide |
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Term
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Definition
| -Uncontrolled mitotic growth -> cells continously grow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-1n (unfertilized egg/sperm)
-Sperm fuses with egg = DIPLOID ZYGOTE (hap+hap=dip)
-23 chrom to male and 23 to female as well |
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Term
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Definition
-2n (almost all body cells)
-46 chromosomes = human cells
-2n = 6 (diploid w/ 6 chromosomes/3 pairs)
-6 chromosomes = 12 chromatids. |
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Term
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Definition
-All genes from one parent (genetically identical)
-Variations only occur from mutation |
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Term
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Definition
-1/2 genetic info from one parent and 1/2 from other
-Produces greater variation/recombination
-Evolution requires pre-existing genetic variation |
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Term
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Definition
-Diagrammatic representation of event sin organisms development/repro
-*Ploidy* levels where meiosis occurs
-Animals = Diplod producing haploid gametes (diploid most of life)
-Plants = alternation per generation (dip/hap or hap/dip) |
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Term
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Definition
-Somatic cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes
-May contain different allele
-Diploid nucleus contains two sets of homologs (2n)
-one set from each parent |
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Term
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Definition
-Two chromosomes of given matched pair
-Gene occupy specific loci on a specific chromosomes
-Genes @ homologous loci (genes need not be identical) |
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Term
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Definition
-One pair of homologous chromosomes = different
-Females have true homologous pair (XX)/males(XY)
-X (179 know genes) and Y (13) called sex chromosomes
-Autosomes = non-sex chromosomes
-XY chromosomes must be separated properly
-Centromeres do not have to be middle varies w/ chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
-Split into Meiosis 1 (reduction) & Meiosis 2 (division)
-Creates 4 haploid cells where mitosis creates 2
-Reduces 2n -> 1n
-Recombination occurs between 2 non sister chromatids splitting = 4 haploids |
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Term
| Phases of Meiosis I: Prophase I |
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Definition
-Homologous chrom. pair/condense to form tetrads
-SYNAPSIS= packs homologous chromatids tight
-CHIASMATA= segments of chromosomes traded
-Avg # = 2 (chorthippus parallelus = 5)
-Spindle forms from centromeres |
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Term
| Phases of Meiosis I: Metaphase I |
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Definition
-Tetrads arranged @ metaphase plate
-Microtubules attached to kinetochore of each tetra |
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Term
| Phases of Meiosis I: Anaphase I |
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Definition
-Separate/pulled towards opposite poles
-After anaphase chromosomes = 23 |
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Term
| Phases of Meiosis I: Telophase I |
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Definition
| -Movement continues until there is haploid set |
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Term
| Phases of Meiosis I: Cytokinesis I |
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Definition
| -In some, nuclei amy reform -> no further replication |
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Term
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Definition
| - Spindle apparatus forms, attaches to kinetochore/moves them |
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Term
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Definition
| -Sister chromatids arranged @ metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| -Centromeres of sister chromatids seperate |
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Term
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Definition
-Separated chromatids arrive @ opposite poles
-Nuclei form around chromatids |
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Term
| Meiosis II: Cytokinesis II |
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Definition
| -@ end of meiosis there are 4 haploid daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Meiosis
-Synapsis: homologous chromosomes pair up
-Pairs not individual: homologous chromosomes aligned
-Anaphase I: homologous chromosomes (not sister chromatids), remain attached @ centromere until anaphase II |
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Term
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Definition
-Behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis/fertilization responsible for variation
1) Independent assortment-reshuffle various genes
2) Crossing over-Mutations create population's diversity
3) Random fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
-Random orientation of tetrads @ metaphase plate
-50% daughter cell - maternal/50% paternal
-Each pair positioned independently
-1st meiotic div results in independent assortment of maternal/paternal chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
-Produces recombinant chromosomes - combine genes inherited from each parent
-Begins early in prophase I, portions of two non sister chromatids trade places
-1 sister chromatid may undergo diff patterns of crossing over them it's match |
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Term
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Definition
-Any sperm can fuse w/ any egg
-Unique genetic identity
-Ovum=2^23 combos, sperm = 2^23 combos
-Result = (2^23)(2^23) = 1 trillion possible combos |
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Term
| Mendel's Law of Segregation |
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Definition
-From monohybrid cross work
-Two chromosomes of a homologous pair separate/segregate during metaphase I |
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Term
| Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
-Dihybrid cross work
-Independent assortment of alleles occur as various homologous pairs of chromosomes assort independently during anaphase I |
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Term
| Mendelian Problems/Probability |
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Definition
-(Aa -> P(A) = 1/2, AA -> P(A) = 1)
-1/(# of possible outcomes)
-AB AaBb -> P(AB) = 1/4 |
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Term
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Definition
| -1/2 tails + 1/2 tails = 1/4 double tails |
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Term
| Compound Probability: Multiplication Rule |
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Definition
-P(A and B) = P(A)P(B)
-P(roll 1 - 1st both) = P(A and B) = P(A)P(B) = 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36 |
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Term
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Definition
-Parent YyRr - Probability gamete carries YR = 1/4
-If F2 we don't have to construct Punnett square - ProbYYRR = 1/16 |
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Term
| Dihybrid Cross: Addition Rule |
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Definition
-Prob of alternate outcomes is P1 + P2
i.e. Prob of same B = 1/4 double traits + 1/4 double heads = 1/2
-Ab or aB
-AaBb - P(Ab) = 1/4
-AaBb - P(aB) = 1/4
-P(Ab or aB) = 1/2 |
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