1. The cell is the structureal and functional unit of life.

2. All living things are composed of cells.

3.All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

1. Composed of phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins and glycocalyx.

2. Involved in all types of transport processes.

Head- Hydrophilic

Tail- Hydrophobic

That form a biological membrane[image]

Integral- firmly inserted into the bilayer

Peropheral- Not imbedded and are loosely attatched to interal proteins

Stabalizes membrane "fluidity"

[image]

Increases surface area of the membrane.

Substances move through phospholipid bilayer.

Ex. Water, gasses, non-polar substances.

Requires membrane proteins (Carrier or channel) to carry the substances across the membrane.

Ex. Glucose, Ions, amino acids

Substances flow across membrane from low concentration to high concentration and uses membrane proteins.

Requires energy to do so.

Ex. Na+/K+ pump

Substances flow across membrane as large molecules or in large quanities.

Process involving the invagination of the cell membrane

[image]

Endocytosis of "food"-

also called cellular eating

Endocytosis of "fluid"-

Also called cellular drinking

Allows only specific substances to get in if they have the receptor to match.

Ex. Insulin

Reverse endocytosis- used by cells to release large amounts of substances or large molecules.

Ex. Glands

Cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

Composed of cytosol, inclusions, and organelles.

Fluid part of the cytoplasm.

Contains water and dissolved substances

substances that are insoluable (bulky)

ex. glycogen granules in liver cells 

1.rodlike double membraned structures.

2. Site of ATP synthesis

3. Powerhouse of the cell.

1. Dense particles consisting of 2 parts ( RNA and Proteins)

2. Sites for protein synthesis.

1. Membrane system enclsing a cavity and coiling through cytoplasm.

2. Externally studded with ribosomes.

3. Proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi Apparatus.

1. Membrane system of sacs and tubles free of ribosomes.

2. Site of lipod and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism and drug detoxification.

1. Stack of smooth membrane sacs and associated vesicles close to the nucleus.

2. Packages, modifies and segregates proteins for secreation from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes and incorporation into the plasma membrane.

1. Membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases

2. Site of intracellular digestion.

1.Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes.

2. Enzymes detoxify a number of substances- most importantly hydrogen peroxide.

1.Network of rods running through the cytosol.

2.It is literally the cell skeleton.

3. Made up of Microtubles, Microfilaments and intermediated filaments.

1. Cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins.

2. Support the cell and gives it shape.

1. Fine filaments composted of protein called actin.

2. Involved in muscle contaction and other types of intracellular movement.

1. Protein fibers. composition varies.

2. Stable cytoskeletal elements and resists mechanical forces acting on the cell.

1. Paired cylindrical bodies each composed of nine triplets of microtubles.

2. Oranize a microtuble network druing mitosis to form spindle and asters.

1. Short cell-surface projections.

2.Coordinated movt creates a undirection current that propels substance across cell sufaces.

3. Mucus propell

1. Longer cillium

2. Propel cell

3. Sperm only human example.

1.Control center of the cell

2. Largest organelle.

1. Double membrane structure pierced by pores.

2. Separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleous.

1. Dense spherical bodies composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins.

2. Site of ribosome subunit manufacure.

1. Granular threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins.

2. Dna constitutes the genes.

1. Cycle of events that control cell growth and division.

[image]

1.Fertilized Egg

2. Morula- formed by mitosis and cleavage

3.blastocyst

4. Gastrala

a.Endoderm-epithelial tissue

b. Ectodeerm- epithelial and nervous tissue

c. Mesoderm- muscle and connective tissue.

Programmed cell death

Excess cells are eliminated.

This controlled suicide also eliminates cells that are stressed, no longer needed, injured or aged.

1.Sheet of cells that cover a body surface or lines a body cavity.

2. Form secretory component of glands.

3. Cells are closely packed togheter.

4. Highly mitotic.

5. Avascular Tissue

6. Microvilli is common

1. Connects tissues and organs together.

2. Provides support and Protection.

3. Cells are spaced far apart.

4. Cells are mitotic but not as much as epithelial.

5. Tissues are vascular except cartilage.

One important glycosaminoglycnas which attatches to the protein core of proteoglycans.

- Large negatively charged polysaccharides that stick out from the core protein like fibers of a bottle brush.

1. Involved with movement.

2. Cells are elongated and slender.

3. Cells are contractile and electrically irritable.

4. Contains lots of actin and myosin.

5. Limitied mitosis/mitotic ability.

Actin- Contractile protein of muscle.

Myosin- Contractile protein of muscle.

1. Forms sensory receptors and communication networks.

2.Cells are usually amitotic.

3. Two major cell types- neurons and glial cells.

4. Electrically irritable and VERY sensitive.

1. Single layer of flattened cells

2. Functions as a fitration and protection tissue.

3. Major locations include air sacs of lungs, kidney, lining of blood and lymph vessels.

1. Single layer of cubical cells.

2. Involved in secreation and absoption.

3. Major locations include kidney tubules and some glands.

1. Epithelial and goblet cells.

2. Single layer of elongated cells that can be ciliated.

3. Involved in secration, absobtion, and protective lining.

4. Major locations include digestive tract mucosae, uterine lining.

1. Single layer but cells have different lengths. Also may be ciliated.

2. Involved in secretion, absobtion and protectiving lining.

3. Mucosae of upper respiratory tract is common location.

1. Outer is keratinized (skin) and inner is not.

2. Several layers of flat cells.

3. Involved in protection.

4. Major locations include skin epidermis, inner lining of mouth, throat, vagina and anus.

1. Two layers of cubical cells.

2. Involved in Protection.

3. Major locations include lining of large glandular ducts.

1. Several layers of elongated cells.

2. Involved in Protection.

3. Major locations include lining of large ducts and male urethra.

1. Cells have variable shape.

2. Involved in distensibility and protection.

3. Major locations include lining of ureters and urinary bladder.

 composed of epithelial cells and their underlying loose connective tissue.

ex. Inner linings of the repiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts.

"Middle covering"

Epithelium found in serous membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs.

Composed of simple squamous cells (mesothelium) and their underlying loose connective tissues.

Forms double membrane with serous fluid between the two membranes.

ex. Pericardium, periteneum, and pleural membrane

1. Chondrocyte is primary cell type.

2. Matrix type- amorphous fine collagen network.

3. Gives resiliency to skeleton.

4. Major locations are joints, nose, trachea, and larynx.

1. Primary cell type is Chondrocyte.

2. Elastic Fibers is matrix type.

3. Gives shape and flexibility.

4. Major locations is ear lope and epiglottis.

1. Primary cell is chondrocyte.

2.Matrix type is thick collagen fibers.

3. Gives tensile strength and compressibility.

4. Major locations include intervertebral discs, knee join and pubic symphysis.

1. Fibrocyte is major cell type.

2. Bundles of collagen fibers running longitudinally is the matrix type.

3. Connects muscles with bones and resists forces in one direction.

4. Major locations are tendons and ligaments.

1. Fibroblast is major cell type.

2. Bundles of collagen fibers running in various directions is the matrix.

3. Supports some epithelia and resists forces in several directions.

4. Dermis and joint capsules are the major locations

1. Fibroblast is major cell type.

2. Collagen bundles with elastic and reticular fibers.

3. Holds organs together.

4. Mucous and serous membranes and surrounds organs.

1. Major cell type is adipocyte.

2. More sparese but similar to areolar.

3. Energy reserve, protection and insulation.

4. Found under skin and around organs.

1. Reticular cell is primary cell type.

2. Areolar matrix type but only with reticular fibers.

3. Forms internal structure of lymphoid organs.

4. Found in lymph nodes and spleen.

1. Osteocyte is major cell type.

2. Matrix is calcified with collagen fibers

3. Supports and protects organs, stores calcium and site of blood cell formation.

4. Found in Skeleton.

1. Primary cell type is erythrocyte.

2. Matrix is a blood plasma.

3. Functions in circulation.

4. Found within blood vessels.

1. Muscle fiber is uninucleated and elongated cell.

2. Involved in involuntary movements.

3. Locations include outer linings of digestive tract and excretory ducts and blood vessels.

1. Muscle fiber is multinucleated, extremely long cell, striated and unbranched fibers.

2. Involved in voluntary movements.

3. Muscles attatched to bones.

1. Cardiocyte is cell type. Uusually uninucleated and shorter than skeletal muscle. Also striated and branced. Intercalated discs separate each cell.

2. Involuntary movement of blood.

3. Heart is major location

1. Neuron and Glial cells are primary cell type.

2. Sesitivity and conduction of impulses is function of neurons.

Suppor and protection is function of glial cells.

3. Found in Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs.

1. Lose all their ducts

2. They produce hormones that they secrete using exocytosis.

1. Have ducts to emit their product.

2. Secrete onto body surface or into body cavities.

1. one celled.

2.Mucous cells and Goblet cells.

"Kindly"

-Tend to stay in one place and grow slowly and seldom kill hosts

"bad"

-Cancerous- grow rapidly everywhere and out of control