Term
| What is cell division performed by prokaryotic cells called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What steps does binary fission involve? |
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Definition
1. DNA attaches to cell membrane
2. DNA is replicated
3. Cytoplasm divides and cell membrane separates DNA into two daughter cells. |
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Term
| What is a 'diploid cell'? |
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Definition
| The cell has pairs of homologous chromosomes. |
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Term
| What is mitosis used for? |
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Definition
| Growth, replacement, repair and asexual reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prophase: the condensation of chromatin into chromosomes. |
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Term
Which phase of mitosis is this:
Nuclear membrane dissolves and spindle fibres attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes as they line up in the middle of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the third phase of mitosis? Describe. |
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Definition
| Anaphase: the two chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The last phase of mitosis, separated sister chromatids are enclosed in a nuclear membrane at each pole of the cell. |
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Term
| When does cytokinesis occur? |
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Definition
| After mitosis is complete. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell divides into two separate daughter cells. The chromatids become the chromosomes of the new cells. |
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Term
| What is the process which separates DNA into separate cells called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to two daughter cells after cytokinesis? |
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Definition
One retains the ability to divide by mitosis: a stem cell.
One becomes a specialised or differentiated cell with a unique structure for a particular function. |
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Term
| What are some uses of culturing yeast fungi and bacteria cells? |
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Definition
-Scientific enquiry
-making antibiotics
-creating food and beverages
-to test whether chemicals have mutagenic effects |
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Term
| Why is it important that a cell culture medium be inert? |
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Definition
| So that the agent doesn't get metabolised by the growing cell. |
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Term
| Why is it important for the environment of cell culture to be sterile? |
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Definition
| To prevent opportunistic micro-organisms from taking over the medium. |
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Term
| Nutritional requirements for yeast, fungi and bacteria cell cultures? |
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Definition
-a source of energy
-minerals
-some bacteria require blood
-stable temperature |
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Term
| Requirements for animal cell cultures? |
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Definition
-vitamins and organic compounds
-osmotic balance
-steady pH level
-oxygen supply
-stable temperature |
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Term
| Requirements of plant cell cultures? |
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Definition
-minerals
-plant growth hormones
-supply of an energy rich substance such as glucose |
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Term
| Uses of culturing plant and animal cells? |
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Definition
-to cure diseases(stem cells)
-to test cosmetics and drugs
-to grow plants that might be going extinct
-developing hybrid plants |
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Term
| What is the general idea of the endosymbiotic theory of the evolution of eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
| Prokaryotic cells were engulfed by larger cells and over time became mitochondria and chloroplasts becoming eukaryotic cells. |
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Term
| What is a symbiotic relationship? |
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Definition
| One in which two different kinds of organisms live together and both benefit from the relationship. |
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Term
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a ...........molecule of DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| ...........and............can reproduce independently through a process that resembles............ |
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Definition
| Mitochondria, chloroplasts, binary fission. |
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Term
| The ......... of the mitochondria and chloroplasts resembles the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. The ..................... are more like the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells. |
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Definition
| Outer membrane, inner membrane |
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Term
| What are rocks produces from the chemicals left by the fossilation of bacteria called? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do stromalites support the endosymbiotic theory of the evolution of eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
| They are older than rocks which show life of eukaryotic cells, suggesting that prokaryotic cells existed before eukaryotic cells. |
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Term
| Apart from DNA what other organic molecules are present in mitochondria and chloroplasts that resemble those found in bacteria? |
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Definition
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