Term
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Definition
Has a true nucleus
1) animals
2) plants
3) fungi
4) protists |
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Term
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Definition
Fundamental unit of life:
Performs all life activities:
1) Extract and use energy
2) Reproduction
3) Growth and development
4) Homeostasis
5) Respond to environment |
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Term
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Definition
Lacks a true nucleus
1) bacteria
2) archaea |
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Term
| Parts of the prokaryotic cell |
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Definition
1) pili
2) nucleoid
3) ribosome
4) plasma membrane
5) cell wall
6) flagella
7) bacteria chromosome and DNA |
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Term
| Examples of extremophiles |
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Definition
1) methanogens (no Oxygen)
2) thermophiles (heat)
3) halophiles (salt) |
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Term
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Definition
Membrane bound compartment; distinct functions
1) characteristic set of enzymes
2) specialized molecules |
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Term
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Definition
1) nuclear envelope (2 phospholipid bilayers)
2) nucleolus (makes ribosomes)
3) nuclear pores (enter/exit)
4) chromatin (DNA + protein) |
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Term
| Nuclear localization signal |
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Definition
Proteins receive this to tell them to go to the nucleus to fold correctly
ex. Rhett syndrome if not receiving NLS |
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Term
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Definition
network composed of many proteins; Lamin A and Lamin C
1) structural integrity of the nucleus
2) organization of DNA in the cell
3) muscle functioning
4) nuclear pores formation
ex. Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (extreme aging) |
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Term
|
Definition
1) cytosol (aqueous "gel" of cell)
2) ribosomes (build proteins)
3) organelles
4) cytoskeleton |
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Term
|
Definition
1) nucleus
2) ER rough and smooth
3) Golgi apparatus
4) Lysosomes
5) transport vesicles |
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Term
|
Definition
Biosynthetic factory; surrounds nucleus
1) Smooth: no ribosomes; lipid production
2) Rough: has ribosomes; protein production |
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Term
| What happens to the protein in the ER? |
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Definition
1) Protein folds (gets signal to go to ER, help from chaperones, destroyed if improperly folded)
2) Modifications: cleavage; cutting, slicing
ex. attach chemical groups like a polysaccharide to make a glycoprotein |
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Term
| Proteins are modified further in the Golgi apparatus |
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Definition
| Shipped to the plasma membrane, secreted outside the cell (exocytosis), shipped to a lysosome |
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Term
|
Definition
recycling center of the cell; contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down macromolecules
ex. Tay Sachs disease (lipid accumulation from a defective enzyme not breaking down)
Pompe's disease (enzyme doesn't break down glycogen to glucose so it builds up in muscle and liver cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
Protein doesn't make it to the correct ocation; Cl- ions can't pass without CFTR in the plasma membrane, H20 can't pass, sticky mucus builds up and one has to cough up particles
ex. deletion of the 508 amino acid |
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Term
| Other structures not in the endomembrane system |
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Definition
1) peroxisomes (breakdown molecules to toxins like H2O2 then to good products)
2) mitochondria, chloroplasts (chemical energy conversion, cellular respiration)
3) cytoskeleton (structural support, motility, cell division, regulation of cell activities) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Change shape with binding/unbinding of a Phosphate from ATP which causes them to "walk" and carry a transport vesicle along a microtubule monorail from the Golgi to the ER |
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Term
|
Definition
Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base
Types: DNA and RNA
monomer: nucleotide |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Thymine (1 ring)
2) Adenine (2 rings)
3) Guanine (2 rings)
4) Cytosine (1 ring) |
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Term
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Definition
antiparallel, have directionality, made in the 5' to 3' direction
Leading strand: continuous synthesis
Lagging strand: discontinuous synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Keep DNA intact (shoelace), repeated sequences without genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that extends telomeres; present in cells of embryos and stem cells, could live forever so it isn't present in ALL cells |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that chops nucleic acids where the mistake is |
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Term
|
Definition
Template strand is methylated so it doesn't get chopped by nuclease
1) Nuclease comes in
2) DNA polymerase comes in
3) Ligase glues it together |
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Term
|
Definition
| unwinds double stranded DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| unwinds supercoiling of chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| makes a primer (single strand of RNA with a 3' -OH group) |
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Term
|
Definition
| replaces RNA primer with DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| glues pieces of DNA together |
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Term
| Origin of replication, ORI |
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Definition
| specific spots where helicase opens the double stranded DNA and replication begins |
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Term
|
Definition
| open area between double helix |
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Term
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Definition
| area where replication begins |
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Term
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Definition
| specific nucleotide sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and transcription begins (Start codon AUG) |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme making RNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| site for binding of regulatory proteins, influence transcription rate of RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| information that specifies an amino acid sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| signals end of transcription (stop codon) |
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Term
| Initiation of transcription |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase binds and unwinds double helix |
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Term
| Elongation of transcription |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase moves down unwinding nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction until it reaches the terminator sequence |
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Term
| Termination of transcription |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase recognizes the terminator region and falls off; molecule is released into the nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
| stability of RNA molecule; helps mRNA bind to the ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| 3' end gets a tail; stability of RNA molecule; longer tail=longer life; helps exit from the nucleus to the cytosol (Nuclear export signal) |
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Term
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Definition
| Introns are removed (loop out) to give a mature mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| triplets of bases in mRNA; "words" that specify which amino acid will be put in the polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| connects gene to protein; not ambiguous; redundant; universal |
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Term
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Definition
| single strand; folds into a stable clover shape; carries anti-codons (amino acid is attached) |
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Term
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Definition
| carries codons (nucleotide triplets) |
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Term
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Definition
| carries codons (nucleotide triplets) |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to small/large subunits |
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Term
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Definition
binds with complementary codon in the mRNA
ex. AAG --> UUC |
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Term
|
Definition
| binds tRNAs carrying the polypeptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
| binds tRNAs carrying an amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| exit site for tRNAs to leave |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA molecule binds to small sub-unit; anticodon of the initiator tRNA binds to start codon of mRNA; large subunit binds to make the complex |
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Term
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Definition
| anticodon of next charged tRNA binds to codon in the A site; tRNA-Met bond is broken and Met binds to the next amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA shifts to P site from A site. Empty A site is now ready for the new polypeptide to come in and bind |
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Term
| Termination (translation) |
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Definition
| stop codon binds and everything falls off |
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Term
What protein sequence will be translated from the DNA sequence
5' CCCATGCACTAA 3'
3' GGGTACGTGATT 5'template strand |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| permanent change in DNA sequence |
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Term
|
Definition
Single nucleotide base change in DNA
1) Silent
2) Missense (different nucleotide is added; sickle cell anemia; hydrophilic --> hydrophobic group)
3) Nonsense (truncated protein; CF) |
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Term
|
Definition
Base pair insertion/deletion
1) Missense (garbage; shift of 1 nucleotide ex. polycystic kidney disease- doesn't read the STOP codon)
2) Nonsense (truncated protein) |
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Term
|
Definition
structure where an organism's genetic material is organized
1) 46 in humans
2) 23 pairs
3) 1-22 autosomes
4) 23 sex chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells/organisms with unpaired chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells/organisms with paired chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the nucleus and its contents (cells are replicated prior to mitosis) |
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Term
|
Definition
| division of the cytoplasm and organelles |
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Term
|
Definition
1) growth (egg and sperm)
2) repair and replacement (red blood cells)
3) asexual reproduction (budding) |
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Term
|
Definition
cell growth, transcription, translation, cellular respiration
check point: cell size, shape, DNA integrity |
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Term
|
Definition
| resting phase (cells that cease division) |
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA replication occurs (DNA synthesis) |
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Term
|
Definition
Growth, transcription, translation, centrosomes appear
check point: cell size, shape, DNA integrity, replication has completed |
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Term
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Definition
| region of DNA where sister chromatids are attached |
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Term
|
Definition
| site of microtuble attachment |
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Term
|
Definition
Preparing for separation
1) chromatin condenses
2) nuclear envelope fragments
3) mitotic spindle forms
4) microtubules attach to kinetochores
5) centrosomes move to cell's outside |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lining up the chromosomes along the metaphase plate (order unimportant) |
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Term
|
Definition
Separating sister chromatids
1) spindle microtubules shorten
2) polar microtubules lengthen
3) sister chromatids separate
4) sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
Producing two daughter nuclei (identical to parent)
1) nuclear envelope reforms
2) chromosomes condense (lengthen)
3) cleavage furrow from actin microfilaments that get tighter and pinch into 2 daughter cells |
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Term
|
Definition
cell division in prokaryotes (mitochondria, chloroplasts)
1) DNA is replicated
2) cells elongate
3) pinch into 2 cells with 2 chromosomes in each |
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Term
| Metaphase checkpoint (mitosis) |
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Definition
| check that all chromosomes are attached to kinetochore microtubules |
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Term
| How an external signal signals a cell to divide |
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Definition
1) Reception: signal molecule binds to receptor and receptor is activated
2) Transduction: converting external signal to internal message
3) Response: activate cell cycle control proteins or turn on cell cycle control genes
ex. Epidermal growth factor (binds to EGF receptor) |
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Term
|
Definition
| genes that encode signals, receptors, signaling molecules, control proteins (GOOD) |
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Term
|
Definition
| mutated proto-oncogenes (BAD= cause cancer) |
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Term
| How a proto-oncogene becomes an oncogene |
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Definition
1) Missense mutation: hyperactive; sees signal all the time=constant division (abnormal protein)
2) Gene amplification: too many signals received/sent telling cell to divide (normal protein, but too much of it) |
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Term
|
Definition
too many cell divisions lead to breast cancer when a signal molecule binds to Her2; genes are turned on that stimulate cell division and inhibit cells from dying (over-expression of Her2)
Antibodies (proteins that recognize and bind to specific molecules) used to shut down excess Her2 |
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Term
| Tumor suppressor proteins |
|
Definition
proteins inhibiting cell division in conditions aren't favorable
1) detect/repair DNA damage
-override check points if mutated
2) make sure cells are anchored
-invade other parts of the body if mutated |
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Term
| BRCA2 (tumor suppressor protein) |
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Definition
| helps repair damaged DNA; if mutated, still go through mitosis and increase breast cancer risk |
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Term
| p53 (tumor suppressor protein) |
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Definition
| helps decide whether to repair damaged DNA or commit cell suicide; if damaged, tumor cells proliferate |
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Term
| Tumor suppressor gene methylation |
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Definition
silences tumor suppressor genes=BAD!
*epigenetic phenomenon (process that alters gene activity without changing DNA sequence) |
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Term
|
Definition
| leads to cell immortality; can be inhibited by antisense drugs (single-stranded nucleic acid complementary to mRNA molecule made by cell) |
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Term
| Model of cancer development |
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Definition
1) benign growth: localized mass (can be removed surgically)
2) malignant growth: more than just the localized area (not removed by surgery)
3) metastasis: moves all over body through bloodstream |
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Term
|
Definition
| formation of blood vessels; need to be inhibited because if you have cancer, it can be transported through blood vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Chemotherapy: injecting chemical into blood stream to kill dividing cells (prevent mitosis, stop DNA replication)
2) Radiation therapy: energy particles damage DNA (cells are destroyed/injured) |
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Term
|
Definition
both alleles seen in phenotype
ex. AB blood type |
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Term
|
Definition
| looking at some trait through a family |
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Term
|
Definition
| males are hemizygous for sex-linked genes; don't have 2 X chromosomes to make up for the missing gene on the X chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| making haploid gametes (2n parent cell makes 4 1n daughter cells which are NOT identical to their parent or each other) |
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Term
|
Definition
alternative form of a gene
ex. blue eyes, brown eyes, hazel eyes, green eyes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Separation of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
1) chromosomes condense
2) synapsis: homologous chromosomes pair up
3) crossing over occurs (physically overlapping to form recombinant chromosomes)
4) nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle forms |
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Term
|
Definition
| opposite line-up on either side of metaphase plate (random) independent assortment occurs here |
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Term
|
Definition
| "random" alignment of chromosomes on the metaphase plate (2^23 possibilities) |
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Term
|
Definition
1) homologous chromosomes are separated and move to opposite sides of the cell (sister chromatids still attached at centromere)
2) kinetochore MT shorten and polar MT lengthen |
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|
Term
| Telophase I and Cytokinesis (meiosis) |
|
Definition
1) each half of cell has complete haploid set of replicated chromosomes
2) cleavage furrow forms
3) chromosomes may decondense as nuclear envelope reforms
4) NO DNA REPLICATION |
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Term
|
Definition
| Separation of sister chromatids |
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Term
|
Definition
| If chromosomes decondensed in telophase I, they recondense here |
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Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate (unpaired) |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Separation of sister chromatids
2) polar MT lengthen, kinetochore MT shorten |
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Term
| Telophase II/Cytokinesis (meiosis) |
|
Definition
1) nuclei reform
2) chromosomes condense
3) cleavage furrow
FINAL OUTCOME: 4 haploid cells, different from parent and each other (half of what parent cell was)
-1 copy of chromosome 1
-1 copy of chromosome 2 |
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|
Term
| Genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms is due to |
|
Definition
1) crossing over
2) independent assortment
3) random fertilization |
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Term
|
Definition
| physical traits of an organism (blue eyes, brown eyes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| genetic make-up of an organism (Tt, what alleles=what it looks like) |
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Term
|
Definition
| point gene is at on a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
fully expressed in the organism's appearance even if only 1 allele is present
ex. Ty or TY |
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Term
|
Definition
has no noticeable affect on the phenotype if dominant allele is present
ex. Ty will still look like TY because y is recessive |
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Term
|
Definition
both alleles are the same
ex. PP |
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Term
|
Definition
two alleles are different
ex. Pp |
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