Term
| 2 classes of carbohydrates |
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Definition
| monosaccharides (simple sugars); polysaccharides |
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Term
| basic formula of a monosaccharide |
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Definition
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Term
| glucose is an example of a ________ sugar |
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Definition
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Term
| polysaccharides are linked by what kind of bond? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 kinds of storage polysaccharides; where they are found; difference between them |
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Definition
- glycogen (animals)
- starch (plants)
these are digestible by humans because they consist of glucose molecules in ALPHA configuration
- cellulose (plants) is glucose molecules in BETA configuration |
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Term
| three main kinds of lipids and what they are |
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Definition
- triacylglycerides: storage form of fats
- phospholipids: majority of cell membrane
- steroids: cell signalling, as in hormones/messanger molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at the head |
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Term
| what are the three kinds of lipids contained by cell membranes? |
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Definition
- phospholipids
- glycolipids
- cholesterol (a steroid) |
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Term
| what is an omega-three fatty acid? |
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Definition
| a fatty acid with a double bond three carbons from the omega (final) carbon |
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Term
| name the two kinds of nitrogenous bases and which bases belong to each category |
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Definition
purines (two ring): A and G
pyrimadines (one ring): T/U and C |
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Term
| what are the three componants of a nucleotide? |
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Definition
- nitrogenous base
- pentose sugar (ribose/deoxyribose)
- phosphate group |
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Term
| if you refer to ' (prime), what portion of a nucleoside are you referring? |
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Definition
| ' refers to the sugar; no prime is the nitrogenous base |
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Term
| describe the structure of a nucleotide in reference to the sugar |
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Definition
5-carbon ring
- base on C1
- phosphate group on C5 |
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Term
| what is the link between nucleotides? |
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Definition
| - a phosphodiester linkage; between the 5' phosphate and the 3' hydroxyl group |
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Term
| what is the single most important example of a nucleotide (apart from DNA/RNA) in the body? |
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Definition
| ATP! (also cyclic AMP, at that) |
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Term
| how many different amino acids are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the basic structure of an amino acid |
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Definition
central carbon with four links:
- hydrogen
- amino group (+)
- hydroxyl group (COO-)
- side chain (can be polar, nonpolar, basic, acidic) |
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Term
| how do you tell if an amino acid is categorized as nonpolar? |
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Definition
| it's side chain is hydrocarbons |
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Term
what is the significant of a -SH group in an amino acid?
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Definition
| allows the amino acid to interact with others via a disulfide bond; this stabilizes the protein chain (and is the determining factor in hair texture!) |
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Term
| how do you recognize a polar amino acid? |
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Definition
| if it has amino or alcohol groups |
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Term
| how do you tell if an amino acid is from the basic category? |
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Definition
| have a (+) ionized side chain |
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Term
| how do you tell if an amino acid belongs to the acidic category? |
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Definition
| if the side chain has a carboxyl group |
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Term
| what is the name of the bonds in long amino acid chains (polypeptides)? |
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Definition
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Term
| N-terminus and C-terminus |
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Definition
N-terminus: the amino group not attached to anything at the end of a polypeptide chain
C-terminus: the carboxyl group not attached to anything at the other end of the polypeptide chain |
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Term
| how could two amino acid chains be joined together? |
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Definition
| by cistene, which allows a disulfide bond |
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Term
| how would you determine the structure of a protein? |
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Definition
| x-ray crystallography (x-rays passed through a protein and scatter pattern collected) |
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Term
| what is the difference between alpha helix and beta sheet structure? |
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Definition
alpha helix: H-bond every four amino acids
beta sheet: also has H-bonding, but it could be very very far away (unclear where it is) |
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