Term
| What are the two types of physiological signals secreted in cell-to-cell communication? |
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Definition
1) Electrical signals
2) Chemical signals |
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Term
| __________ __________ are changes in the membrane potential of a cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are electrical signals? |
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Definition
| 1) Changes in the membrane potential of a cell |
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Term
| __________ __________ are secreted by cells into the ECF and are responsible for most communication within the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are chemical signals? |
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Definition
| 1) Signals secreted by cells into the ECF which are responsible for most communication within the body |
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Term
| Which physiological signals are responsible for changes in the membrane potential of a cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which physiological signals are responsible for most communication within the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells receive physiological signals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Classic __________ hormones travel via the bloodstream to target cells |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ are released via synapses and travel via the bloodstream to target cells |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ hormones are released and act on the cell that secreted them. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ hormones act on adjacent cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are endocrine hormones? |
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Definition
| 1) Hormones which travel via the bloodstream to target cells |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Hormones that are released via synapses and travel via the bloodstream |
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Term
| What are autocrine hormones? |
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Definition
| 1) Hormones which are released and act on the cell that secreted them |
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Term
| What are paracrine hormones? |
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Definition
| 1) Hormones which act on adjacent cells |
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Term
| __________ __________ transfer both chemical and electrical signals. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ form direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ transfer signals in both directions. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________-__________ __________ require interaction between membrane molecules on two cells. |
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Definition
| 1) Contact-dependent signals |
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Term
| __________ __________ act on the same cell that secreted them. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ and __________ are chemical signals. |
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Definition
| 1) Paracrine and autocrine |
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Term
| __________ are secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood. Only target cells with receptors for the hormone will respond to the signal. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell-to-cell communication method transfers both chemical and electrical signals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell-to-cell communication method forms direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell-to-cell communication method transfers signals in both directions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell-to-cell communication method requires interaction between membrane molecules on two cells? |
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Definition
| 1) Contact-dependent signals |
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Term
| Which cell-to-cell communication method act on the same cell that secreted them? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell-to-cell communication method are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell-to-cell communication method are chemical signals? |
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Definition
| 1) Autocrine and paracrine signals |
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Term
| Which cell-to-cell communication methods feature direct contact and local cell-to-cell communication? |
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Definition
1) Gap junctions
2) CAMs
3) Contact-dependent signals
4) Autocrine signals
5) Paracrine signals
6) Hormones |
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Term
| __________ are chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across a small gap to the target cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Neurotransmitters have a slow effect. |
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Definition
| 1) FALSE: Neurotransmitters have a RAPID effect |
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Term
| __________ use electrical signals as well. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| 1) Chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across a small gap to the target cell |
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Term
| __________ are chemicals released by neurons into the blood for action at distant targets. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Chemicals released by neurons into the blood for action at distant targets |
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Term
| __________ may act as both local and long-distance signals. |
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Definition
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Term
| All __________ cells synthesize and secrete __________ in response to stimuli. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do nucleated cells produce in response to stimuli? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytokines usually function as __________ or __________ signals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which local / long-distant signals can function as autocrine or paracrine signals? |
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Definition
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Term
| In __________ and __________, some cytokines may act on relatively distant targets. |
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Definition
1) Stress
2) Inflammation |
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Term
| What are two factors that would cause cytokines to act on relatively distant targets? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cell-to-cell communication methods feature long-distance communication? |
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Definition
1) Neurotransmitters
2) Neurohormones
3) Cytokines |
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Term
| What are the four categories of membrane receptors? |
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Definition
1) Receptor-channel
2) Receptor-enzyme
3) G protein-coupled receptor
4) Integrin receptor |
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Term
| __________ __________ converts one form of a signal into a different form. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a signal transduction? |
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Definition
| 1) Converts one form of a signal into a different form |
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Term
| What is the order in signal transduction from an external signal to a response? |
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Definition
1) External signal
2) Receptor
3) Transducer
4) Amplifier
5) Response |
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Term
| __________ convert extracellular signals into intracellular messages which create a response. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Convert extracellular signals into intracellular messages which create a response |
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Term
Where is adenylyl cyclase found?
What is it activated by?
What is its function? |
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Definition
1) Membrane
2) G protein-coupled receptor
3) Converts ATP to cAMP |
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Term
Where is guanylyl cyclase found?
What is it activated by?
What is its function? |
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Definition
1) Membrane cytosol
2) Receptor-enzyme nitric oxide (N0)
3) Converts GTP to cGMP |
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Term
Where is phospholipase C found?
What is it activated by?
What is its function? |
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Definition
1) Membrane
2) G protein-coupled receptor
3) Converts membrane phospholipids into IP3 and DAG |
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Term
| __________ __________ __________ converts chemical signals into cellular responses. |
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Definition
| 1) Biological signal transduction |
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Term
| What is biological signal transduction? |
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Definition
| 1) Converts chemical signals into cellular responses |
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Term
| What possesses seven membrane-spanning domains or transmembrane helices? |
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Definition
| 1) G protein-coupled receptors |
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Term
| Describe the structure of a GPCR. What is their function? |
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Definition
1) GPCRs have a cytoplasmic tail linked to a G protein; a three-part transducer molecules
2) Once activated, G proteins open ion channels in the membrane and alter enzyme activity on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane |
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Term
| G protein-coupled receptors are the target of approximately __________ of all modern medicinal drugs. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the seven functions of G protein-coupled receptors? |
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Definition
1) Visual sense
2) Sense of smell
3) Behavioral and mood regulation
4) Regulation of the immune system
5) Autonomic nervous system transmission
6) Cell density sensing
7) Homeostasis modulation |
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Term
| What are the steps for a GPCR in the regulation of adenylyl cyclcase cAMP? |
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Definition
1) Singl molecules binds to G protein-linked receptor, which activates the G protein
2) G protein turns on adenylyl cyclase, an amplifier enzyme
3) Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
4) cAMP activates protein kinase A
5) Protein kinase A phosphorylates other proteins, leading ultimately to a cellular response. |
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Term
| What are the steps for a GPCR in the regulation of the phospholipase C system? |
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Definition
1) Signal molecule activates receptor and associated G protein
2) G protein activates phospholipase C (PL-C), an amplifier enzyme
3) PL-C converts membrane phospholipids into diacylglycerol (DAG) which remains in the membrane, and IP3 which diffuses into the cytoplasm
4) DAG activates protein kinase C (PK-C), which phosphorylates proteins
5) IP3 causes release of Ca2+ from organelles, creating a CA2+ signal |
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Term
The ion channel is regulated by a __________ and is usually very selective to one or more ions (suchas as Na+, K+, Ca2+, or Cl-).
Such receptors located at __________ convert the chemical signal of __________ released neurotransmitters directly and very quickly into a __________ electrical signal |
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Definition
1) Ligand
2) Synapses
3) Presynaptically
4) Postsynaptic |
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Term
| Explain the steps in which a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor regulates ion levles. |
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Definition
1) The prototypic ligand-gated ion channel is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; it consists of a pentamer of protein subunits with two binding sites for acetylcholine, which when bound, alter the receptor's configuration and cause an internal pore to open
2) This pore allows Na+ ions to flow down an electrochemical gradient into the cell
3) With a sufficient number of channels open at once, the intracellular Na+ concentration rises to the point at which the positive charge within the cell is enough to depolarize the membrane, initiating an action potential. |
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Term
| What are the steps for receptor-channeling of ions? |
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Definition
1) Receptor channels open or close in response to a signal molecule binding
2) Change in membrane permeability occurs for a specific ion
3) Creates electrical signal
4) Voltage-sensitive protein is created
5) Cellular response is elicited |
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Term
There are two basic types of physiological signals: __________ and __________.
__________ signals are the basis for most communication within the body. |
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Definition
1) Chemical
2) Electrical
3) Chemical |
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Term
| What are the four methods of cell-to-cell communicaiton? |
|
Definition
1) Direct cytoplasmic transfer through gap junctions
2) Contact-dependent signaling
3) Local chemical communication
4) Long-distance communication |
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Term
__________ __________ are protein channels that connect two adjacent cells.
When they are open, chemical and electrical signals pass directly from one cell to the next. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________-__________ __________ require direct contact between surface molecules of two cells. |
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Definition
| 1) Contact-dependent signals |
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Term
| Local communication uses __________ __________, chemicals that act on cells close to the cell that secreted the paracrine. |
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Definition
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Term
| A chemical that acts on the cell that secreted it is called an __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Long-distance communication uses __________ molecules and electrical signals in the nervous systems, and __________ in the endocrine system. Only cells that possess receptors for a hormone will be __________ cells. |
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Definition
1) Neurocrine
2) Hormones
3) Target |
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Term
| __________ are regulatory peptides that control cell development, differentiation, and the immune response. They serves as both __________ and __________-__________ signals. |
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Definition
1) Cytokines
2) Local
3) Long-distance |
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Term
| Chemical signals bind to __________ and change intracellular signal molecules that direct the response. |
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Definition
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Term
__________ signal molecules enter the cell and combine with cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors.
__________ signal molecules and some lipophilic molecules combine with membrane receptors. |
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Definition
1) Lipophilic
2) Lipophobic |
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Term
| __________ __________ pathways use membrane receptor proteins and intracellular second messenger molecules to translate signal information into an intracellular response. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some signal transduction pathways active __________ _________. Others activate __________ __________ that create second messenger molecules. |
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Definition
1) Protein kinases
2) Amplifier enzymes |
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Term
| Signal pathways create intracellular __________ that amplify the original signal. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________-__________ activate protein kinases, such as tyrosine kinase, or the amplifier enzyme __________ __________ which produces the second messenger cGMP. |
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Definition
1) Receptor-enzymes
2) Gyanlyl cyclase |
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Term
| __________ __________ linked to amplifier enzymes are the most prevalent signals transduction system. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________-__________ __________ alter ion channels. |
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Definition
| 1) G protein-coupled receptors |
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Term
In the __________ __________-__________ __________ __________ pathway, the amplifier enzyme phosholipase C creates two second messengers: __________ and __________.
__________ causes Ca2+ release from intracellular stores.
__________ activates protein kinase C. |
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Definition
1) G protein-coupled phospholipase C
2) IP3
3) Diacylglycerol (DAG)
4) IP3
5) DAG |
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Term
| __________ receptors link the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________-__________ __________ __________ open or close to create electrical signals. |
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Definition
| 1) Ligand-gated ion channels |
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Term
| Calcium is an important signal molecule that binds to __________ to alter enzyme activity. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three short-lived gaseous signal molecules? |
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Definition
1) Nitric oxide (NO)
2) Carbon monoxide (MO)
3) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) |
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Term
| The arachidonic acid cascade creates lipid signal molecules, such as __________, __________, and __________. |
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Definition
1) Leukotrienes
2) Prostaglandins
3) Thromboxanes |
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Term
| The response of a cell to a signal molecule is determined by the cell's __________ for the signal. |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptors come in related forms called __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A receptor may have multiple __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ mimic the action of a signal molecule. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ block the signal pathway of a molecule. |
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Definition
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Term
| In __________-__________, a cell decreases the number of binding receptors. |
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Definition
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Term
| In __________, the cell decreases the binding affinity of the receptors. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________-__________ is the opposite of down-regulation and involves increasing the number of receptors for a signal. |
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Definition
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Term
| Many diseases have been linked to defects in various aspects of signal pathways, such as __________ or __________ receptors. |
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Definition
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Term
| In __________ control pathways, the decision to respond to a change is made by an integrating center. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is faster and more specific than endocrine control, but is usually of shorter duration. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is less specific and slower to start but is longer lasting and is usually amplified. |
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Definition
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