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--A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell.
-- Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity.
-- Separates intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid. |
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established when one solution is Hypotonic and the other is Hypertonic.
-- The steeper (greater) the gradient (difference in concentration) the Faster the rate of diffusion. |
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| -The ability of a solution to cause a cell to shrink or swell |
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| A solution with the same solute concentration as that of the cytoplasm or other solution. |
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| Solution having greater solute concentration than that of the cytoplasm or other solution |
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| Solution having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytoplasm or other solution |
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| what happens if a red blood cell is put in a hypotonic solution? |
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| Red Blood Cell is placed in a Hypertonic Solution |
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| Red Blood Cell in ISOTONIC solution |
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Sodium Potassium Pump
NA+ K+ ATPase |
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Definition
Occurs in all plasma membranes
-Involved in primary and secondary active transport of nutrients and ions
-Maintains Electrochemical gradients essential for functions of muscle and nerve tissues.
--- Sodium is REQUIRED for proper conduction of ALL muscle contractions & nervous impulses |
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| _________ is the #1 extracellular positive ION |
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| _________ being the #1 intracellular positive ion (cation) |
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| transport into, across, and then out of cell |
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| transport from one area or organelle in cell to another |
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-Double membrane structure with selflike cristae
-Provide most of cells ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
-Contain their own DNA and RNA (passed down through maternal line)
*Mitochondria=powerhouse of the cell=ATP production* |
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Definition
-Granules containing protein and rRNA
- Site of Protein synthesis
- Free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins
- Membrane bound ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes or exported from the cell.
- tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes for protein formation - |
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Definition
Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
-Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, toxins
- Degrade nonfunctional organelles
- Break down and release glycogen
-Break down bone to release Ca2+
-Destroy cells in injured or nonuseful tissue
**if your Lysosome bursts, your cell DIES** |
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-Finger like extensions of plasma membrane
-increase surface area for absorption
- core of actin filaments for stiffening |
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| Two distinct events: Mitosis & Cytokinesis |
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1. Results in an equal number of Chromosomes in each daughter cells
2. There are 4 stages of nuclear division. |
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| 4 stages of of nuclear division |
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Definition
| Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
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Brings Amino Acids to the "factory" site (ribosomes) for protein formation"
-Bind to amino acids and apir with bases of codons of mRNA at ribosome to begin process of protein synthesis. |
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Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
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| Chromosomes become visible connect to centromere. Centrosomes separate and migrate toward opposite poles. |
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-centromeres of chromosomes are aligned at the equator.
-This plane midway between the poles is called the metaphase plate. |
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-Shortest phase
-Centromeres of chromosome split
-Chromosomes are pulled toward poles by motor proteins of kinetochores
Polar micro tubules continue forcing the poles apart. |
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Definition
-Chromosome movement stops
-The two sets of chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin
-New nuclear membrane forms around each chromatin mass
-Nucleoli reappear
-Spindle disappears. |
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Definition
-Chromosome movement stops
-The two sets of chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin
-New nuclear membrane forms around each chromatin mass
-Nucleoli reappear
-Spindle disappears. |
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