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| include bacteria and archaea, free-floating DNA, cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane, have few to no true organelles |
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| include humans, plants, animals, fungi and protists; has DNA bound by nucleus, cytoplasm between nucleus and plasma membrane, compartmentalization, specialized organelles |
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| phospholipid bilayer, selective barrier that regulates passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste and allows cell signaling and communicate, protects and controls access to DNA, has a hydrophylic and hydrophobic region that enables proteins to be embedded, hydrophobic steroids pass through |
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| Semi-fluid substance, bound by plasma membrane, between nucleus and plasma membrane in eukaryotes, covers nuclear envelope, contains ribosomes and cytoskeleton |
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| carry genes, located in nucleus, some in mitochondria or chloroplasts, free-floating in prokaryotes, wound up into coils called chromatin in nucleus |
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| assemble polypeptide chains to make proteins, made of rRNA and proteins, grainy, studded/bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope and free-floating in cytoplasm, separated into large and small subunits, manufactured in nucleolus, secrete proteoglycans |
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| structures outside the cell that allow for cell growth, where most cells synthesize and secrete materials outside the plasma membrane; plant cell walls, extracellular matrix, intracellular junctions |
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| Most plants, fungi, and some protists have this, made of cellulose fibers or polysaccharides, rigid, not the same as cell membrane, contain plasmodesmata that transfer nutrients and communicate with adjacent plant cells |
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| in animal cells, elaborate network of proteins, fibers and polysaccharides, holds cells in place, glues animal cells together (skin, bones, blood cells), make up tissues along with cells |
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| Components of extracellular matrix |
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Definition
| adhesion proteins/cell junctions, proteoglycans, protein fibers |
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| proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates, trap water and form gelatinous substance that bathes cells and transports nutrients |
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| Protein fibers in extracellular matrix (collagen/elastin) |
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| Form tough connective sheet cells embedded in skin and joints |
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| how cells talk and stick to each other through direct physical contact, made of adhesion proteins, form different types of connections |
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| Types of intercellular junctions |
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| Plasmodesmata, Tight junctions, desmosomes, Gap junctions |
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| found in plants' cell wall, means of communication and transferring nutrients |
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| membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together preventing leakage of extracellular fluid, waterproof structure, lines bladder, skin, lungs |
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| anchors or fasten cells together in strong sheets, found in high wear and tear areas like skin and muscles, riveted structures made of cytoskeleton |
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| provide cytoplasmic channels for communicating quickly, found in heart, muscles, cells that need to coordinate or work together in unison |
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| cell's library, contain most of DNA wound up into coils called chromatin |
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| where ribosomes are manufactured, rounded mass of proteins and copies of genes for rRNA |
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| barrier between nucleus and cytoplasm, 2 phospholipid bilayers, has pores that regulate entry and exit of molecules, RNA goes through these pores |
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| powerhouse of cells, breaks down carbs, fat, sugars, proteins, extract energy and turns it into ATP using oxygen, contains DNA fragments, enclosed by 2 phospholipid bilayers, highly folded, more folding, more turbines, endosymbiont theory, has intermembrane space that builds up voltage to drive turbines, cluster in networks, energy intensive cells like neurons and muscles have more mitochondria |
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| governs origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts; probably came from ancient bacteria that was swallowed by our ancestor cells hence the double lipid bilayer |
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| powerhouse of plant cells, contain DNA fragments, found in plant, algae and some bacteria, build up glucose through photosynthesis, plastid |
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| Structure of Chloroplasts |
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Definition
| Thylakoids, granum, stroma |
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| site of light dependent reactions of photosynthesis, membranous sacs, form granum |
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| coin like structures or stacked flattened disks formed by thylakoids |
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| Internal fluid in chloroplasts |
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| Components of Cytoskeleton |
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Definition
| Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments, Microfilaments |
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| hollow rods, biggest, monomer is tubulin, resist compression forces and shapes the cell, guides movement of organelles, separates chromosomes, form cilia and flagella |
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| smallest, monomer is actin, solid rods, tension bearing, tough, flexible, semi-permanent network under membrane |
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| mid-sized, has amino head, alpha helical rod, and carboxyl tail, polymer is keratin, resist pulling pressures, support cell shape, fix organelles in place, more permanent |
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| remains behind when cells die, polymer of intermediate filaments, outer layer of hair skin and nails |
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| infrastructure, roads and freeways of cell, network of fibers that organize and support cell structure and activities, made of proteins, causes structures to run along rails |
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| Microtubules growing and shrinking |
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| hair like projections that line anything exposed to air and moves mucus/molecules/particles from lungs to stomach |
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| series of membranes, protein trafficking, sorts and ships proteins, has some metabolic functions |
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| Components of Endomembrane System |
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Vesicles, Centriole, Motor proteins |
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| Modifies proteins, cell's railroad track, continuous with nuclear envelope |
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| Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, breaks down carbs and fats,inactivates toxins, stores calcium ions, coral-looking structures |
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| Modifies proteins, studded by ribosomes, distributes transport vesicles, secrete proteoglycans, routes them to Golgi |
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| post office, consists of flattened membranous sacs, modifies products of ER/proteins/lipds and enzymes into final form, tags them and ships to destination |
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| garbage trucks, membranous sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules by adding water and breaking them down, hydrolyzes proteins, fats, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, work best in acidic environment, uses enzymes to recycle and digest |
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| public storage, compartment for food, enzymes and water |
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| Transport, store or digests substances in cells, emerges with plasma membrane |
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| produces and organizes microtubules, anchor for cytoskeleton |
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| public transport, walk along microtubules, guide organelles attached to vesicles |
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