1. Cells are the structural unit of life

2. Cells are the functional unit of life

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

-Bacteria and Blue-Green Algae

-No organized nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

-Unicellular

-Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists

-Have an organized nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

-Usually multicellular

-Outer boundary of cell

-Living, dynamic structure

-Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell and the rate(Selectively Permeable)

-Made of a double layer of phospholipid molecules with protein molecules "floating" in it

1. All matter is in constant motion

2. The motion is random

-The net movement of molecules in a given space from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

-Continues until equilibrium is reached

-Effected by: Concentration gradient, size of molecules, temperature and pressure

-Act as a barrier and regulate the rate of diffusion of some molecules

-Only small uncharged molecules such as oxygen can easily diffuse through the cell membrane

-Doughnut-shaped channels through the cell membrane

-Act as a passageway for specific molecules

-Small polar molecules and ions pass through these channels (Ex. K+ ions)

• regulate the transport of materials; that is, "carry" them through the cell membrane
  
• Polar molecules can't diffuse freely through the cell membrane due to the hydrophobic nature of the lipids within it

-Have a specific shape that "fits" certain molecules

-Triggers a response inside the cell

-Ex. Hormones

-Long external arms that identify the cell as part of you

-What your immune system notices. 

-Cells try to maintain a constant internal environment

-The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

-Contains a higher concentration of water (the "solevent") inside the cell. Therefore the concentration of 'solute' would be greater than the cell contents

-Net movement is out of the cell

-Contains a greater concentration of water than the cell. The concentration of solute would be less than the cell contents

-Net movement of water is into the cell

-The concentration is equal inside of and outside of the cell

-Net movement is zero

-The cell is in equilibrium

-Cell membrane shrinks due to lack of water

-Cell wall bulges due to presence of water

-Cell shrinks due to lack of water

-Cell ruptures due to too much water

-No cellular energy required

-Move with the concentration gradient

-Ex. Osmosis and Diffusion

-Cellular energy required

-Move against the concentration gradient

-cell membrane surrounds a substance and pinches off to form a vacuole

a)Pinocytosis-liquids

b)Phagocytosis-solids

-A vacuole containing waste moves to the surface, opens up and releases its contents

-a pump that removes excess water in some single-celled freshwater organisms such as paramecium

-Pump H+ ions through membranes in chloroplasts and mitochondria against the concentration gradient

-This sets up a difference in the concentration of  H+ ions. 

-All energy produced in photosynthesis and most energy produced in cellular respiration come from this process

-The most energy intesive process in cells

-Uses ATP to transport sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell

-Creates an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane that is essential to conduct impulses along nerve cells 

-Controls most cell activity

-Transmits hereditary information

-Directs the process of protein synthesis

-Surrounds the nucleus

-Structure is the same as the cell membrane

-Continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

-Regulates the exchange of materials into and out of the nucleus

-Found in nucleus

-Builds "sub-units" of ribsomes that are assembled in the cytoplasm

-Everything between the cell membrane and nucleus

-Contains organelles

-Constantly moving, Known as cytoplasmic streaming. Distributes materials through the cell

-Series of channels for internal transport

A)Rough ER- Contain ribsomes on the surface

B)Smooth ER- no ribsomes

-Site for protein synthesis. Assemble amino acids into proteins based on directions sent from the nucleus

-Proteins built by ribosomes on the Rough ER are transported out of the cell

-Proteins built by free ribosomes stay inside the cell

-Modify and package proteins to be secreted from the cell Ex hormones

-Some packages stay in the cell Ex. lysosomes

-Center for cellular respiration

-Release energy from food molecules to make ATP

-Contain enzymes that break down organic molecules

-Found mostly in plants and algae

A)Leucoplast-stores food

B)Chromoplast-stores pigment

C)Chloroplast-food production(Photosynthesis)

-bubble-like structures that contain food, water or waste

-Bounded by a membrane

-Contain digestive enzymes that break down large molecules

-Formed by golgi bodies

-Hollow cylinders of protein that form the framework of the cell called the cytoskeleton

Examples:

-Spindle Fibers:Seperate chromosomes during cell divison

-Centrioles:Create an anchor for spindle fibers

-Cilia:Short hair-like structures used for movement in various organisms 

-Flagellum:Whip-like tail used for movement in some organisms