types of morphology of prokaryotes

• cocci
• diplococci
• rod
• sarcinae
• spirochete

composition of a membrane

50% lipid

50% protein

lipid structure

• phosphate head, stays outside of the cell (hydrophilic)
• hydrophobic fatty acid tail that line up in the middle of the membrane
• make a permeability layer

types of membrane associated proteins

• transmembrane proteins
• intregal membrane proteins
• peripheral membrane proteins
• lypoprotein

transmembrane proteins

span from the lower layer of the membrane, through the center, all the way to the upper layer of the membrane

intregal membrane proteins

only associated with one side of the membrane

peripheral membrane proteins

associated with the outside of one side of the membrane, not inside the membrane

lypoprotein

protein with a fatty acid attached to it

passive transport

• molecules are going down the concentration gradient
• high concentration to low concentration
• because of entropy, it happens naturally, no energy needed

two types of passive transport

• simple diffusion
• facillitated diffusion

simple diffusion

• molecules cross the membrane on their own
• only allows small, non polar or slightly polar ions to pass
• no energy needed

facillitated diffusion

• molecules are carried by channel/carrier proteins from one side of the membrane to the other
• no energy needed

active transport

• molecules are pushed up the concentration gradient
• low concentration to high concentration
• requires energy to occur

types of active transport

• simple transport
• group translocation
• ABC transporter

simple transport

• uses PMF as its energy
• results in a high concentration of protons on the outside

proton motive force

• PMF
• pool of potential energy that the cell builds up by pumping protons from the INSIDE to the OUTSIDE of the cell
• the high concentration of protons on the outside of the cell want to move inside, which generates energy

group translocation

• uses PTS (phosphotransferase system)
• uses PEP for energy

ABC transporter

• stands for ATP-Binding Cassette
• ATP is the energy source
• uses 3 proteins 

1. makes the channel
2. peripheral protein hydrolyzes ATP to generate energy
3. binds to the transported molecule

peptidoglycan

• made up of 2 chains of alternativing NAG/NAM groups, with a peptide coming off of each
• the branches of peptides face each other and crosslink at some point
• used by the PMF to maintain the energy source 
• has teichoic acids throughout that hold the protons in the peptidoglycan layer
• can find L-Ala, D-Ala, D-Glu, Dpm

lysozyme

• an enzyme
• found in saliva
• degrades peptidoglycan, which breaks down the cell wall

Penicillin

• antibiotic
• effective in disrupting peptidoglycan synthesis (by blocking crosslinking)