Prokaryotic

-No nuclear membrane separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm

-DNA not arranged into chromosomes during cell division

-no membrane enclosed organelles

-blue/green algae and bacteria

Eukaryotic

-chromosomes are found in the nucleus, which iis separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane

-contains membrane enclosed organelles

-most animal cells are eukaryotic

Cell Membrane

(Plasma Membrane)

Structure: A double layer of phospholipids containing proteins, glycoproteins and start of chain carbohydrates.

Function:

-Encloses cell contents, regulates movement of materials in and out of the cell.

-Maintains shape of cell.

-Facilitates communication between cells.

Nucleus

Structure: Surrounded by a double membrane. Large compared to other organelles. Contains chromosomes and nucleolus.

Function:

-Powerhouse of cell.

-Info in chromosomes control production of proteins.

-These proteins control cellular function.

Nuclear Membrane

Structure: A double membrane containing many pores which separate nuclear plasm from the rest of the cell.

Function:

-Regulates movement of materials, between cytoplasm and nucleus.

Nucleolus

Structure: A granular structure in the nucleus made up of protein ad nucleic acid.

Function:

-Site of manufacturing of ribosomal RNA.

Mitochondria

Structure: Sacs made up of two membranes. Inner membrane is folded to create cristae which increases surface area.

Function:

-Site of aerobic cellular respiration.

-Responsible for cell's energy production.

-Most abundant in cells with high energy needs

 e.g// muscle and kidney cells.

Ribosomes

Structure: Small spherical bodies comprised of RNA and protein. Some found in cytoplasm, some are found attached to rER.

Function:

-Site of protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

(sER)

Structure: Network of membranes creating channels in the cytoplasm from the nucleus to the cell membrane.

Function:

-Site of lipid synthesis.

-Responsible for movement of many materials throughout cell.

-Abundant in cells that produce steroid hormones

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

(rER)

Structure: Network of membranes creating channels in the cytoplasm from the nucleus to the cell membrane. Similar to sER but studded with ribosomes.

Function:

-Transport and folding of proteins produced by ribosomes.

-Parts of the rER pinch off to become vesicles for transport of proteins to cell membrane, or other organelles including golgi bodies.

Golgi Complex

Structure: Stacks of flattened membrane sacs.

Function:

-Packages proteins and glycoproteins into vesicles for secretion from the cell or sent to other organelles.

-Synthesises cellulose in plants.

Lysosomes

Structure: A membrane sac containing digestive enzymes.

Function:

-Digest injested materials and waste.

-Important in programming cell death.

Vacuole

Structure: Membrane bound sac containing fluids, sugars and ions.

Function:

-Important in turgar in plant cells (maintaining shape)

-Storage for nutrients.

Chloroplast

Structure: surrounded by a double membrane, contains stacks of grana embedded in fluid (stroma).

Function:

-Site of photosynthesis (PHS)

-Abundant in leaf cells

-Grana contain chlorophyll, the pigment that traps light energy.

Cell Wall

Structure: A layer of cellulose (in plants) secreted by the cell and completely surrounding the cell membrane. Other chemicals make up cell walls of bacteria and fungi.

Function:

-Provides structural support

-Defines shape of cells

Centriole

Structure: Near the nucleous of animal cells. A pair of cylindrical structures made up of several smaller tubes.

Function:

-The spindle forms between centrioles during cell division

Flagella & Cilia

Structure: Extension(s) of the cell membrane. Made up of membrane material and microtubules, they protrude from the cell.

Function:

-Provide a means of movement of the cell or the fluid surrounding the cell

In what cells are rER found?

Animal and plant.

Not prokaryotic.

In what cells are Golgi complex found?

Animal and plant.

Not prokaryotic.

In what cells are lysosomes found?

In animal cells.

Not plant or prokaryotic.

In what cells is the vacuole found?

Plant and sometimes animal.

Not in prokaryotic

In what cells are chloroplasts found?

In some plant cells.

Not animal or prokaryotic.

In what cells are centrioles found?

In animal cells.

Not plant or prokaryotic.

In what cells are flagella/cilia sometimes found?

Sometimes in animal, plant and prokaryotic.

In what cells is the cell membrane found?

In all animal, plant and prokaryotic cells.

In what cells is the nucleus (including nuclear membrane/nucleolus) found?

In plant and animal cells.

Not prokaryotic.

In what cells are mitochondria found?

In plant and animal cells.

Not prokaryotic.

In what cells are ribosomes found?

In plant, animal and prokaryotic cells.

In what cells are sER found?

In animal and plant cells.

Not prokaryotic.

What are proteins?

Structure:Proteins are macromolecules. They are constructed from one or more unbranched chains of amino acids.

Function:

-Motion and locomotion of cells and organisms depends on contractile proteins. (e.g muscles)

-The transport of materials in body fluids depends on proteins

-The receptors for hormones and other signaling molecules are proteins.

-Proteins are seen as the physical basis of life

Cytoskeleton

Structure: Comprised of microtubules

Function:

-supports cell and provides shape

-aids movement of materials in and out of cell

Cytoplasm

-The cytoplasm is the part of a cell that is enclosed within the cell membrane

-Collective term for cytosol and organelles contained within cell.

-Cytosol mainly composed of water with free-floating molecules

-The cytoplasm has three major elements; the cytosol, organelles and inclusions.

Vesicle

-A vesicle is a bubble of liquid within a cell.

-More technically, a vesicle is a small, intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances within a cell.

-Vesicles form naturally because of the properties of lipid membranes.

-Most vesicles have specialized functions depending on what materials they contain.