Term
| What are examples of Hydrophilic hormones? |
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Definition
Peptide hormones (amino acids) proteins, glycoproteins, catecholamines(epinepherine)
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Term
| Where are Hydrophilic hormones synthesized? |
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Definition
Endocrine cells RER Can be stored in vesicles until needed. |
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Term
| Where are the Hydrophilic hormone receptors found? |
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Definition
| Cell surface of target cell |
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Term
| How long is the plasma half-life of a hydrophilic (lipophobic) hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the mediators of hydrophilic hormones? |
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Definition
cAMP cGMP Ca2+ metabolite Protein kinase activity
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Term
| What are examples of Hydrophobic hormones? |
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Definition
Steroids Iodothyromines Calcitriol Retinoids
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Term
| How long is the plasma half-life fo a hydrophobic hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the receptors for hydrophobic hormones located? |
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Definition
Either the cytosol(cortisol) or in the nucleus. |
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Term
| What is the role of the Receptor-Hormone complex? |
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Definition
Mediators Turns on/off specific genes for mRNA. |
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Term
| Describe the process of the Gs protein activating Adenylate cyclase? |
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Definition
Hormone (glucagon/epinepherine) binds with receptor and induces conformational change. Activated receptor binds to Gs protein (Gα subunit) G protein conformational change. It's GDP is replaced by GTP. Gα detaches from Gβγ and activates/binds Adenylate Cyclase.
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Term
Which hormones would have the longest duration of action? |
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Definition
Lipophilic hormones T3 and T4 |
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Term
| What inhibits Adenylate cyclase? |
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Definition
Gi ("i" for inhibit) Gi is turned on by Adenosine and PGE1 |
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Term
| What is the Hormone Response Element? |
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Definition
HRE 8-15 base pairs on the DNA molecule that receptor-hormone complex binds to. |
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Term
| What second messenger can activate Protein Kinase A (PKA) |
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Definition
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Term
What 2nd messenger can activate cGMP-Dependent protein kinase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stimulates Phospholipase C? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Phopholipase C work? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones have nuclear cell receptors? |
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Definition
Their receptors bind to the promoter region of the DNA. |
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Term
| Describe the formation and Hydroxylation of Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol): |
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Definition
7-Dehydrocholesterol(provitamin D3) is nonenzymatic photolysis by ultraviolet light to form previtamin D. Somehow previtamin D→ Vitamin D3 Vitamin D3→ 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-hydroxylation in the Liver) Other hydroxylations occur in the kidneys.
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Term
| Endocrine vs. Paracrine vs. Autocrine action |
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Definition
Endocrine: the hormone is distributed in the blood and binds to distant target cells. Paracrine: hormone acts on a neighboring cell. Autocrine: hormone acts on cell that releases it. |
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Term
| Signaling between cells usually results in the activation of protein..... |
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Definition
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Term
| What second messenger activates Protein kinase A? kinase G? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are specific examples of hormones that are not stored? stored the longest? |
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Definition
Not stored: Steroids and 1,25(OH)-D3 Weeks: T3 - T4 |
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Term
| What does Nitric Oxide mainly activate? |
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Definition
It activate cGMP in the cytosol which activates PKG (protein kinase G) |
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Term
| What do Pancreatic β cells secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does cell signaling stimulate apoptosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Small G proteins(like RAS) convert GTP→ GDP by: |
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Definition
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Term
| IP3 induces cellular response by increasing cytoplasmic.. |
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Definition
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Term
| What signals Progesterone? What secretes it? |
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Definition
LH Ovaries (corpus luteum) |
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Term
| What signals Estradiol? What releases it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stimulate Testosterone? What secretes it? |
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Definition
LH Testis (adrenal gland) |
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Term
| What stimulates DHES? What releases it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stimulates (Glucocorticoids)Cortisol? What secretes it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stimulates Aldosterone? What releases it? |
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Definition
Angiotensin II/III Adrenal Cortex |
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Term
| What stimulates 1,25-Dihydroxy..(Vitamin D)? What secretes it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the different classes of hormones? |
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Definition
Protein hormones: membrane receptors. Fastest -Oxytocin, Adrenocorticotrophin Amine hormones: membrae receptors. Kinda fast. -Epinepherine, Norepinepherine, Melatonin Steroid and other small hormones: Intercellular receptors. Slow. -Gonad hormones: estrogen, progesterone, androgens(testosterone) -Adrenal hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids -Thyroid hormones: T3 T4 |
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