Term
| What is the end product of glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What process has lactate or lactic acid as the end product? |
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Definition
| Lactic acid fermentation (NADH forms too) |
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Term
| Out of ATP, FADH2, CO2 and NADP, which are the final output of the Krebs cycle? |
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Definition
| ATP, FADH2 and CO2, not NADP (that is in non-cyclic photophosphrylation) |
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Term
| Out of CO2, ethanol, lactate and O2, which are products of fermentation? |
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Definition
| CO2, ethanol and lactate are all products of fermentation. O2 is not because fermentation is anaerobic so the body resorts to fermentation when there is a lack of oxygen. |
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Term
| How is Acetyl-CoA produced and where does it feed into? |
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Definition
| Acetyl-CoA is produced by the oxidation of pyruvate and it feeds into the citric acid cycle. It is not produced by glucose or CO2. |
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Term
| In aerobic respiration, does chemiosmosis or substrate-level phosphorylation generate more ATP? |
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Definition
| Chemiosmosis generates more ATP than substrate-level phosphorylation but substrate-level phosphorylation is still a type of chemiosmosis. Chemiosmosis is just super charged protons osmosing over to form a proton gradient. |
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Term
| What role does O2 play in the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| Oxygen (O2) plays the role of the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain (but it creates the initial pull to push the electrons due to its electronegativity). |
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Term
| When pyruvate oxidizes, what does it give off? |
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Definition
| Pyruvate oxidizes to give off CO2, not O2. It needs to lose a carbon and carbon always leaves as CO2. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is produced in aerobic respiration during the citric acid cycle. |
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Term
| What is the proper sequence of glycolysis? Place these steps in proper order: Cleavage, Oxidation, Glucose Priming, ATP Generation, Rearrangement |
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Definition
| The proper sequence of glycolysis is Glucose Priming, Cleavage, Rearrangement, Oxidation and ATP Generation |
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Term
| During chemiosmosis, from where to where are the protons pumped? |
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Definition
| During chemiosmosis, protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix (the fluid inside the mitochondria), through the proton pumps in the inner membrane out to the intermembrane space of the mitochondrial cell. |
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Term
| In aerobic respiration, how many ATP does each molecule of FADH2 produce? |
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Definition
| Each molecule of FADH2 produces 2 ATP in aerobic respiration. |
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Term
| What gives off the most energy: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fatty Acids or Glycerol and why? |
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Definition
| Fatty acids give off the most energy because their tails are so long, they can be fragmented into 2 carbon fragments that contain tons of energy and can be stored for future use. Glucose and protein create roughly the same amount of energy. |
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Term
| What is glycolysis, where does it occur and what is its net yield? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose, it occurs in the cytoplasm and its net yield is 2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvate. (Technically it creates 4 ATP during rearrangement, but it loses 2 ATP which turn into ADP during the priming.) |
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Term
| Out of NAD+, Pyruvate and lactic acid, what is the final electron acceptor in Lactic Acid Fermentation? |
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Definition
| The final electron acceptor in lactic acid fermentation is lactic acid (lactate). NAD+ and Pyruvate all come before Lactate. |
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Term
| Under normal conditions, what occurs in the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| Electrons flow down the electron transport chain, NADH and FADH2 are oxidixed, the pH of the matrix increases (more H+ = lower pH so intermemebrane space becomes basic, less H+ = higher pH so matrix becomes acidic), electrons use free energy and an electrochemical gradient is formed. |
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Term
| What occurs in substrate-level phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| ATP is formed through substrate-level phosphorylation and it requires a high-energy phosphate group that is transfered directly to ADP. |
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Term
| How is ATP formed in glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis involves substrate-level phosphorylation for the formation of ATP, no oxygen is needed and it is not very efficient. |
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Term
| What is the best situation to drive ATP synthesis and why? Use the words present, absent, high and/or low to fill in the blanks: Pyruvate (_____) + Oxygen (_____) -> ATP Levels (_____) |
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Definition
| The best situation to drive ATP synthesis is pyruvate (present) + oxygen (present) -> ATP Levels (low). This is because a higher proton gradient is needed to drive ATP synthesis because you need the pyruvate to oxidize to go through Krebs Cycle to form lots of FADH2 and NADH (high value electron carriers) and the oxygen is needed to pull the electrons towards it, before ATP levels are high. |
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