Term
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Definition
| complete breakdown of glucose (food) to make ATP (energy that can be used by the cell) |
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Term
o
(= a biochemical pathway) that largely takes place in the mitochondria |
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Definition
| occurs via a series of reactions |
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Term
| Major types of metabolism |
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Definition
autotrophs (make their own food from inorganic molecules) vs. heterotrophs
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Term
| Respiration reactions are |
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Definition
oxidation reactions: lost electrons carry energy between molecules |
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Term
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Definition
are molecules that carry electrons. For example: add 2 electrons and one proton to NAD+ to make NADH – NADH carries the electrons to another part of the cell |
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Term
| Final electron acceptor of respiration can be |
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Definition
O2 (aerobic), inorganic molecule other than O2 (anaerobic), or an inorganic molecule (fermentation) |
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Term
: substrate-level phosphorylation = direct transfer of phosphate from another molecule, oxidative phosphorylation = creation of ATP by enzyme ATP synthase (total yield in eukaryotes is about 30 ATP per glucose) |
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Definition
| ATP is created during respiration in 2 ways |
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Term
Major Steps of Respiration (what happens to one molecule of glucose): |
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Definition
1. Glycolysis (in the cytoplasm)
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Reactants
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Products
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1 6-cargon glucose (C6H12O6)
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2 3-carbon pyruvate (C3H3O3) – to step 2
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2 ATP
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4 ATP (* net gain = 2 ATP)
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2 NADH
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Term
Major Steps of Respiration (what happens to one molecule of glucose): |
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Definition
1. Oxidation of pyruvate (in the mitochondria, only in presence of O2):
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Reactants
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Products
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2 3-carbon pyruvate (C3H3O3)
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2 CO2
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Term
Major Steps of Respiration (what happens to one molecule of glucose):
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Definition
1. Krebs Cycle (in the matrix of mitochondria):
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Reactants
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Intermediate
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Products
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2 2-carbon acetyl groups
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2 6-carbon citrate
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4 CO2
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2 4-carbon oxaloacetate
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6 NADH – to step 4
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2 FADH2 – to step 4
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2 ATP
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2 oxaloacetate (recycled)
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Term
Major Steps of Respiration (what happens to one molecule of glucose): |
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Definition
1. Electron Transport Chain / ETC (in the mitochondria inner membrane)
NADH and FADH2 bring electrons to a series of transmembrane electron carriers; energy from electrons is used to pump H+ across the membrane (from the matrix to the inner membrane space), creating a proton gradient that is used to make ATP via an enzyme called ATP synthase
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