Term
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Definition
principles:
1. all living things are composed of cells
2. cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
3. new cells are produced from existing cells
- the microscope allows scientists to see cells, bacteria, and many other structures that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye |
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Term
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Definition
- NAME: plasma membrane
- FUNCTION: provides a barrier of protection for the cell/controls what goes in and out of the cell
- LOCATION: plant and animal cells
- ANALOGY: like a screen door because a screen door keeps things out but lets air in
- INTERRELATEDNESS: the proteins of the plasma membrane allows one cell to interact with other cells
- OTHER FACTS: it is a bilayer of glycerophospholipid molecules |
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Term
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Definition
- NAME: mitochondria
- FUNCTION: generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions
- LOCATION: plant and animal cells
- ANALOGY: like a power plant because they both produce energy
- INTERRELATEDNESS: interacts with other organelles via signaling pathways
- OTHER FACTS: can quickly change shape and move around the cell when needed |
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Term
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Definition
- NAME: golgi apparatus
- FUNCTION: responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles prior to secretion and therefore plays a key role in the secretory pathway
- LOCATION: plant and animal cells
- ANALOGY: like a post office because it packages and delivers things
- INTERRELATEDNESS: receives proteins and lipids (fats) from the rough endoplasmic reticulum
- OTHER FACTS: it consists of tiny sacs (vesicles) and folded membranes within the cytoplasm, next to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and near the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
- NAME: nucleus
- FUNCTION: controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information
- LOCATION: plant and animal cells
- ANALOGY: like a tour guide because tour guides control all of the places people go on tours
- INTERRELATEDNESS: messages from the nucleus are sent into the endoplasmic reticulum where the ribosomes are located
- OTHER FACTS: usually takes up about 10% of the cell's volume |
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Term
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Definition
- NAME: cytoplasm
- FUNCTION: a thick solution that holds cells in place/acts as a buffer and protects the genetic material of the cell and also the cellular organelles from damage caused due to movement and collision with other cells
- LOCATION: plant and animal cells
- ANALOGY: like glue because it holds things together
- INTERRELATEDNESS: it fills the spaces between organelles and helps the cytoskeleton move protein-carrying vesicles around the cell from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex and the plasma membrane
- OTHER FACTS: made of 80% water and the rest are fats, proteins, carbohydrates in dissolved form, and salts |
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Term
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Definition
- NAME: cell wall
- FUNCTION: surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells and provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress
- LOCATION: plant cells
- ANALOGY: like a bulletproof vest because it acts as a shield
- INTERRELATEDNESS: most closely works with the plasmodesmata in apoplastic transport, which is transport through the layer outside the plasma membrane (apoplast), to move gases such as carbon dioxide, or plant hormones and pheromones
- OTHER FACTS: it can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid |
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Term
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Definition
- NAME: chloroplasts
- FUNCTION: allow plants to capture the energy of the sun in energy-rich molecules
- LOCATION: plant cells
- ANALOGY: like a solar panel because it uses the sun's energy for things
- INTERRELATEDNESS: chloroplasts convert sunlight into food during photosynthesis, then the mitochondria makes energy out of the food in the form of ATP
- OTHER FACTS: chloroplasts will sometimes move around within the cell in order to position themselves to where they can best absorb sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
- NAME: ribosomes
- FUNCTION: decoding the message and the formation of peptide bonds
- LOCATION: plant and animal cells
- ANALOGY: like a factory because they produce proteins for the cell
- INTERRELATEDNESS: ribosomes work along with most of the organelles because they make the proteins that they need to perform
- OTHER FACTS: they link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA molecules to form polypeptide chains |
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Term
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Definition
- NAME: centriole
- FUNCTION: play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system; they help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell
- LOCATION: animal cells
- ANALOGY: like a secretary because they organize things
- INTERRELATEDNESS: helps determine the location of the nucleus
- OTHER FACTS: is a small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way |
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Term
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Definition
- NAME: vacuole
- FUNCTION: help sequester/store waste products
- LOCATION: plant and animal cells
- ANALOGY: like a cabinet or a safe because you store things in it
- INTERRELATEDNESS: vacuolar proteins are synthesized and processed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and transferred to vacuoles through various routes
- OTHER FACTS: sometimes the vacuole can take up more than half of a cell's volume |
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Term
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Definition
- NAME: endoplasmic reticulum
- FUNCTION: transports proteins
- LOCATION: plant and animal
- ANALOGY: like a freeway because it gets people from place to place
- INTERRELATEDNESS: when a protein is made in the ER, something called a transition vesicle is made; this vesicle or sac floats through the cytoplasm to the golgi apparatus and is absorbed
- OTHER FACTS: can either be smooth or rough |
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Term
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Definition
- NAME: cilia
- FUNCTION: move a cell or group of cells or to help transport fluid or materials past them
- LOCATION: animal cells
- ANALOGY: like stairs and elevators because they keep the cell moving
- INTERRELATEDNESS: they move because of the interactions of a set of microtubules inside of the cell
- OTHER FACTS: they are tail-like |
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Term
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Definition
- NAME: lysosome
- FUNCTION: they break down excess or worn-out cell parts; they may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria
- LOCATION: animal cells and sometimes plant cells
- ANALOGY: like an engine because an engine recycles oil
- INTERRELATEDNESS: golgi (and the ER) is the shipping department and lysosomes (packages or trucks) either digest the shipments for use in the cell or they become the garbage truck
- OTHER FACTS: they are sphere-like |
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Term
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Definition
- NAME: cytoskeleton
- FUNCTION: a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization; it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement
- LOCATION: plant and animal cells
- ANALOGY: like the beams of a house because it holds the cell in shape like the beams hold a house in shape
- INTERRELATEDNESS: interacts with other organelles by changing shape when instructed to do so
- OTHER FACTS: it is made of protein |
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