Cytosol

-all of the organelles are embedded in this viscous fluid

-a water based solution containing salts, bicarbonate, oxygen, CO2, and minerals. 

- a dense tangle of DNA strands

-Dna is visible as this

-a small, darkly colored region of the nucleus where ribosomes are partially assembled

-contains a particularly dense chromatin tangle

-surrounds the nucleoplasm

-two-layered membrane

-acts as a gatekeeper

-has tiny holes called nuclear pores

-specific segment of coding DNA that encodes a particular protein. 

-they do not make proteins themselves, but rather tell the remainder of the cell how to make them

-defective ones carry defective instructions and cause the cell to build useless or damaging proteins

-water bubbles with a phospholipid membrane wall.

-transport substances into or out of the cell and between organelles

ribosomes

-tiny granules composed of protein and a special variety of RNA

-they are critically important because they assemble proteins

-depending on the type of protein they are assembling, they will either stay in the cytoplasm or migrate over to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

-a series of interconnected sacs coated with ribosomes

-modifies proteins synthesized by the attached ribosomes

-not coated with ribosomes

-its interconnected tubes synthesize lipis and in some cells break down nutrients and toxins.

-liver cells have large amount of SER because they break down and excrete drugs and waste products of metabolism

Golgi apparatus

-the cell's distribution center

-it further modifies proteins it recieves from the RER and packages them into transport vesicles. 

-hollow, membranous organelle somewhat like a stack of partially deflated balloons.

-the cisternae are physically separate

-membrane-bound packets of digestive enzymes that digest/break apart other substances

1. enzymes

2. RER

3. Golgi

4. lysosomes

-another type of cytoplasmic enzyme sac

-the enzymes in this sac detoxify alcohol and other cellular toxins and are especially abundant in liver cells

-tird organelle of degradation

-tiny barrel-shaped structures composed of protein

-capture and degrade proteins that are no longer required by the cell or proteins that have been synthesized properly

-produce most of the energy required for all cell activities (generate energy from nutrients and oxygen into ATP)

and are the powerhouses of body metabolism

-very active cells are packed with this 

-composed of an outer, smooth membrane and an inner membrane with many folds studded with enzymes. 

-polymers of actin, a globular protein. 

-small, but mighty

-they form a latticework supporting the cell membrane, participate in the contraction of muscle cells, and aid the movement of certain mobile cells whose job is to crawl about as they do their work

-consist of long protein fibers interwoven into strong ropes.

-stabalize the placement of organelles and strengthen the nuclear envelope

-polymers of tubulin molecules

-hollow

-attach to certain cell parts and act as pulleys to move parts around in the cell

-place where microtubules are built

-short bundle of tubules bound together like a bundle of sticks

-when combined, form a small organelle called the centrosome, which organizes microtubules into an array for separating chromosones during cell division

-orderly sequence of events by which one cell reproduces to form two.

-divided into two phases, the interphase and mitosis

-occurs after DNA is duplicated

-the division of the original "mother" nucleus into two identical twin "daughter" nuclei

-consists of four steps: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase