found outside the plasma membrane

traps water is for protection

capsule form may help evade the immune system

pilli (allows attachment)

flagella (allows locomotion in some bacteria)

1. DNA housed in nucleus
2. exhibit compartmentalization
3. have organelle
4. shape, size and organization vary with the cell type

Proteome

identical DNA in different cells but different proteomes

• double membrane
• outer layer continuous with endoplasmic reticulum membrane
• materials within the nucleus are not part of the endomembrane system

• chromosomes stored
• nuclear matrix
• ribosome assembly occures here

• filamentous network
• organizes chromosomes

contains three different types of protein filaments

1. Microtubules (long, hollow, dynamic instability, the big part of the bridge)
2. Intermediate filaments (intermediate in size, rope like and twisted)
3. Actin Filaments (aka microfilaments, long thin fibers, the supporting ropes of a bridge)

Golgi Apparatus...

complex...

body...

or just the Golgi

 the UPS

stacks of flattened membrane bound compartments

vesicles transport materials between stacks...

• secretion, processing and protein sorting

Endoplasmic Reticulum

both

network of membranes that form flattened, fluid filled tubules or cisternae

membrane encloses a single compartment called the lumen

Rough and smooth

• studded with ribosomes
• involved in protein synthesis and sorting
• continuous with the nucleus
• MRNA comes through to make proteins
• produces the membranes used in the cell

No ribosomes

involved in detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium balance, sythesis and modification of lipids

(drinkers will have a larger build up of this in their cells)

boundary between the cell and the extracellular environment

• membrane transport (selectively permeable)
• cell signaling using receptors
• cell adhesion

outside the cell organelles but inside the plasma membrane (20-50% of volume)

also this is the central coordinating region for many metabolic activities

includes everything inside the plasma membrane

(cytosol, endomembrane system and semiautomous organelles)

The sum of all chemical reaction by cells

catabolism and anabolism

1. plasma membrane
2. nucleus
3. endoplasmic reticulum
4. golgi apparatus
5. lysosomes
6. vacuoles

either directly connected or pass materials via vesicles

broad term meaning a membrane bound container...varied in size

use:moves materials around cell

Suicide sacks

contain acid hydrolases that perform hydrolysis...breaks down proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids dependign on kind of acid hydrolases produced

Autophagy: recycles worn out organelles through endocytosis

primarly in plants (bigger)

• varried functions depending on cell type
• Plants=support and storage
• contractile vacuoles in protists for expelling excess water
• phagocytic vacuoles in protists and white blood cells for degradation

catalyze certain reactions that break down molecules by removing hydrogen or adding oxygen

typical cell contains 100s

Detoxification:

reaction produces H2O2 which is broken down into water and oxygen

also metabolism of fats and amino acids

• have own DNA
• can grow and divide to reproduce themselves
• depend on other parts of the cell for their components

examples mitochondria and chloroplasts

Primary function to make ATP

outer and inner membrane, intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

involved in synthesis, modification and breakdown of several types of cellular molecules

contain own DNA (semiautomous) and divide by binary fission

thought to have come from bacteria

Sorting of proteins from the cytosol that must first stop in the ER before being sent to: Golgi, lysosome, vacuole, plasma membrane, or secretion.

synthesis begins in cytosol and pauses until ribosome binds to the ER membrane, then translation resumes and the polypeptide is synthesized into the ER

the first steps of sorting occures at the same time as translation is occuring

• ERsignal sequence recognized by SRP (signal recognition particle)
• vesicles from ER contain v-snare proteins that complement t-snare (receptors) on organelle surface
  

the uptake of most proteins into: nucleus, mitochondia, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, takes place after the protein is completely made (translated) in the cytosol.

Sorting does not occure till translation is finished

(organelles besides ER)

• targeting sequences within proteins