Term
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Definition
| DNA transcribed into RNA then translated into proteins |
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Term
| microscopes invented when? |
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Definition
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Term
| microscopes important to biology |
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Definition
| light, transmission electron, scanning electron |
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Term
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Definition
1665
set of lenses
visualizd cork cell walls |
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Term
| matthias schleiden amd Theodor Schwann |
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Definition
1838/1839
all living organisms are made of cells |
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Definition
mid 1800s
all cells arise from other cells |
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Definition
1860s
confirmed cell theory by observing a plant cell for 2.5 hours |
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Term
| tissue in plants and animals |
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Definition
cells tightly packed
loose extracellular matrix (ECM)
-proteins/fibers in polysaccharide gel |
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Term
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Definition
usually 5-20 micrometers
10 times smaller than eyes can resolve |
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Term
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Definition
magnifies 1000 times smaller than eyes can see
can usually view outer cell boundary, nucleus, and some cytoplasm detail but no small cell component visualization
bright light source
set of lenses arranged to focus images
specimen must be thin enough for light to pass through |
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Term
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Definition
1000 times smaller than light microscope
2 types: scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope |
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Term
| steps for preparing tissue for microscopy |
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Definition
1. fixation - preserve tissue sample in native state
2. embedding-replace cell's water with wax or plastic resin to provide support
3. section- produce thin slice of sample
4. stain-impart contrast |
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Term
| scanning electron microscope |
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Definition
visual surface structures
uses electrons, not light...and magnets, not lenses
image generated by electrons bouncing off specimen-reveals 3D image |
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Term
| transmission electron microscope |
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Definition
similar to SEM but no 3D image
electrons pass through specimen or bounce off densely stained structures (stain provided by processing with heavy metals)
dense area=dark
less dense area=gray and white |
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Definition
DNA lies in cytoplasm
has ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| spherical, rod, corkscrew |
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Term
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Definition
cell wall around plasma membrane
cytoplasm and DNA, but no organized internal structures
varied oxygen requirements
use for many sources of food
-inorganic compounds
-some may photosynthesize |
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Term
| 2 domains of prokaryotic organisms |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
found in hostile environments
-high salt
-high temp
-acid
-sewage treatment plants
-ice |
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Term
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Definition
some can be single cell (yeast, amoeba)
most multicellular |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA associated with proteins |
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Term
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Definition
grouping of condensed chromatin
visible/threadlike |
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Term
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Definition
| double membrane that encloses the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
communicate between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
small openings in envelope |
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Definition
4 components: outer membrane, inner membrane (highly folded-cristae), intermembrane space, matrix
contains own DNA and can divide into 2 new mitochondria
evolved from engulfed bacteria?
powerhouse of cell (generates ATP)
functions in cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
similar to but more complex than mitochondria
-double membrane
-have their own DNA and can divide
-evolved from symbiosis? |
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Term
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Definition
import raw materials
export manufactures substances, waste products
move molecules within cell |
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Term
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Definition
irregular maze of interconnected spaces
-single membrane continuous with nuclear membrane
production of molecules for cell and for export |
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Term
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Definition
Rough ER- contains ribosomes on surface (synthesizes proteins)
Smooth ER- no ribosomes (synthesizes and metabolizes lipids) |
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Term
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Definition
stacks of flattened membrane-bound sacs
modifies proteins and lipids produced in the ER
-adds sugars ->glycoproteins, glycolipids
directs proteins to various locations, usually outside of the cell
places molecules into vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
transport structures
-move materials around cell between other organelles
-move materials toward outer membrane for export
different types (ex:lysosomes and peroxisomes) |
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Definition
import into cell
molecules/other cells usually fuse with lysosome (digestion) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
vesicles known as digestive organs of the cell
contains enzymes for breakdown
digests food, recycles materials, releases nutrients, eliminates wastes |
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Definition
| removes hydrogen peroxide generated from lipid metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
concentrated aqueous gel
-part of cytoplasm not partitioned within intracellular membranes
can be largest cell component
site of many chemical reactions
ribosomes producing proteins for cell metabolism found here |
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Term
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Definition
non-membrane-bound structures responsible for protein synthesis
complex of protein and RNA
made of 1 small subunit and 1 large subunit
holds molecules needed for protein synthesis in proper places
formation of peptide bonds that hold amino acids together in a protein
NOT AN ORGANELLE! |
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Term
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Definition
elaborate network of filaments
give strength, shape, directed movement to cells
used by both animal and plant cells to move organelles around during cell division
constantly assembling and disassembling
3 filament types: actin, intermedate, microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
thinnest fibers
generates contractile force |
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Definition
intermediate thickness
strengthens cell |
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Definition
thickest fibers
hollow tubes
rearranges to help separate chromosomes during cell division |
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Term
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Definition
organisms with fundamental properties conserved in all types of cells
easier to study in lab |
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Term
| examples of model organisms |
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Definition
E. coli
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
arabidopsis
drosophila melanogaster
C. elegans |
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Term
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Definition
major prokaryotic model
rod-shaped bacteria
used as a factory in lab |
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Term
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Definition
eukaryotic model
brewer's yeast (used for bread and beer)
rigid cell wall & mitochondria
-"between plants and animals"
used to study cell division cycle |
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Term
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Definition
small weed
model plant
thousands of offspring in 8-10 weeks
used to understand genetics of flowering plants |
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Term
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Definition
common fruit fly
used to study development and disease
-high gene similarity to humans |
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Term
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Definition
nematode worm
precise time line of each developmental stage
first organism in which complete genome was sequenced |
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Term
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Definition
zebrafish (transparent embryos)
mouse (can manipulate genome to investigate role of individual gens in development and disease; transgenic mouse)
human (medical disease research) |
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Term
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Definition
hydrogen isotope (^3H)
radioactive |
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Term
| how much of organisms' weight composed of C, H, N, and O? |
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Definition
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Term
| important biological elements |
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Definition
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Term
| exceptions to protons and neutrons remaining compacted and stagnant in nucleus |
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Definition
| protons and neutrons move/change during radioactive decay, inside the sun, and in a nuclear reactor |
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Term
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Definition
atoms with full electron shells prior to forming a chemical bond
non-reactive
ex: helium, neon, argon |
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Term
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Definition
substance held together solely by ionic bonds
will dissociate in water |
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Term
| water makes up how much of cell's weight? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
CHO ratio is 1:2:1
>/= 3 monosaccharides is oligosaccharide
polysaccharides- many sugar molecules linked through their OH groups
cellular monosaccharides have backbones of 3-7 carbons
several monosaccharides have same CHO formula |
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Term
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Definition
| same formula but different structure (glucose, fructose) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
synthesis reaction
OH of 1st monomer binds H of 2nd monomer
one water molecule removed and covalent bond formed between monomers
not random (particular enzymes catalyze condensation reactions) |
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Term
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Definition
breakdown reaction
requires water to break covalent bond
OH adds to one monomer, H to the other |
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Term
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Definition
cell's central energy source
breaks down carbon dioxide (glycolysis, Krebs)
cell harnesses its energy during breakdown to produce ATP
cells store glucose as polysaccharides for future energy production (glycogen in animals, starch in plants)
used for mechanical support (cellulose, chitin)
linked to proteins (glycoproteins) and lipids (glycolipids) |
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Term
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Definition
amphipathic (Polar COOH and nonpolar C-H)
stored in the form of triacylglycerols (3 fatty acids attached to glycerol (3C) backbone) |
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Term
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Definition
no C to C double bond
maximum of H atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more C to C double bond; oil |
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Term
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Definition
differ by side chain (R group)
all have carboxylic acids and amino groups linked to a central C atom
bonds between amino acids are peptide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| C/N backbone formed from carboxyl, central C, and amino groups of individuals amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| one end of protein (-NH2) |
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Term
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Definition
other end of the protein (-COOH)
additional amino acides are always added to this end during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
some form ions in solution
-basic: Lys, Arg, His
-acidic: Asp, Glu
Some uncharged, polar, and hydrophilic
-asn, gln, ser, thr, and tyr
some nonpolar and hydrophobic
-ala, val, leu, ile, pro, phe, met, trp, gly, cys |
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Term
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Definition
make up DNA and RNA
made of N-containing base (purine/pyrimidine), 5 C sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and 1-3 phosphate groups
store genetic info when polymerized into nucleic acids
chemical energy carriers (ATP)
components of coenzymes (CoA); important in metabolism
signaling molecules (cAMP); important in cell communication
nucleotides linked by phophodiester bonds |
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Term
| improper conformation of macromolecules |
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Definition
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Term
| 1st law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy can not be created or destroyed |
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Term
| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| systems change spontaneously toward greater entropy |
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Term
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Definition
2 steps:
-energy stored in carriers (ATP and NADPH) and O2 is released
-ATP and NADPH drive carbon fixation to water and CO2 from air, and make sugars |
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Term
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Definition
oxidation=loss of electrons/H+
reduction=gain of electrons/H+ |
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Term
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Definition
Selective (usually 1 enzyme for 1 reaction)
Unique shape, only particular substrate can fit
Remain unchanged so can be reused |
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Term
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Definition
| Move through cytoplasm by diffusion |
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Definition
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Definition
Held by multiple weak interactions (h-bonds, ionic bonds, van der waals)
If wrong substrate gets into active site, no interactions will hold it and the substrate will leave quickly |
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Term
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Definition
Concentration of substrate which occurs at 1/2 max value
Lower the value, the tighter the E-S interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy released by catabolism is stored in their high energy covalent bonds Cleavage high energy bonds-> energy released Very negative free energy change ATP, NADPH, NADH |
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Term
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Definition
Most common carrier molecule
Bound by high energy phosphoanhydride bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that catalyzes phosphate group transfer |
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Term
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Definition
| Operates in anabolic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Works with catabolic reactions |
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