Term
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Definition
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| what are the 2 laws of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
1. energy is never created or destroyed...only transformed
2. energy transfer always results in a greater amount of disorder in the universe |
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Term
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Definition
| a nucelotide that serves as the most important energy transfer molecule in living things. ATP powers a broad range of chemical reactions by donating one of its 3 phosphate groupsto these reactions. in the process, it becomes ADP , which reverts to being ATP when a 3rd phosphate is added to it. |
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| How does ATP store energy? |
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Definition
| the energy is stored in the phosphate bonds. energy is released when the bond breaks and ATP turns to ADP |
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Term
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Definition
NAD: coenzymes that act as electron and hydrogen carriers in some oxidation-reduction reactions.
NADP: a coenzyme similar to NAD and present in most living cells but serves as a reductant in different metabolic processes
FAD: redox cofactor involved in several important reactions in metabolism. FAD can exist in two different redox states, which it converts between by accepting or donating electrons. ... |
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| How do the colors of light relate to energy? |
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Definition
the amount of energy in light relates to the size of the wavelength...the smaller the wavelength, the higher its energy.
For visible light, the wavelength decreases from red to violet, therefore violet light has the highest energy. |
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| why did the blacklight change color when we shined it on the chlorophyll? |
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Definition
| Chlorophyll absorbs certain wavelengths of light within the visible light spectrum |
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Term
| where is chlorophyll found? |
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Definition
| thylakoids, which are in chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells of a leaf |
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Term
| what does chlorophyll do? |
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Definition
| Chlorophyll is the liquid substance in a plant cell that gives it its color. |
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Term
| whats the structure of a chloroplast? |
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Definition
| Chloroplasts are double membrane bound organelles crucial in photosynthesis. The area between the outer membrane and the inner membrane (thylakoid) is called the stroma. Stacks of thylakoids are called granum. |
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| Define: grana, stroma, thylakoids? |
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Definition
grana:A series of stacked thylakoid disks containing chlorophyll; found in the inner membrane of chloroplasts.
stroma:The material within the chloroplast is called the stroma, corresponding to the cytosol of the original bacterium
thylakoids: membranous disk-like structures that are stacked together in larger structures that resemble stacks of coins. |
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Term
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Definition
| •a process used for separating mixtures by virtue of differences in absorbency |
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Term
| how does chromatography work? |
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Definition
| A mixture of various components enters a chromatography process, and the different components are flushed through the system at different rates. These differential rates of migration as the mixture moves over adsorptive materials provide separation. |
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Term
| what is the overall equation of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| 6 CO2 + 6H2O--------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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| what are the 2 parts of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| the light reaction and the calvin cycle |
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Term
| what happens in the light reaction? |
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Definition
| light from the sun is captured through a series of reactions involving the chemical chlorophyll. This results in the synthesis of two high energy chemical compounds: ATP and NADPH, the latter whose chemical energy is held by electrons that can be transferred easily to other compounds. This set of reactions requires water (H2O) from which oxygen is released during the process. ATP and NADPH are used subsequently to produce glucose from CO2 in the next phase of photosynthesis, the dark reactions. |
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Term
| what is an antennae complex? |
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Definition
| •The light-harvesting (or antenna) complex of plants is an array of protein and chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane which transfer light energy to one chlorophyll a molecule at the reaction center of a photosystem. |
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Term
| why is chlorophyll vital to photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| Chlorophyll makes it possible for plants to convert carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight, into oxygen and glucose. During this process of photosynthesis, chlorophyll produces energy, in the form of sugary carbohydrates, which will power all of the plant's essential growth and development. |
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| products of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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| what happens in the calvin cycle? |
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Definition
| a series of reactions, occurring during photosynthesis, in which glucose is synthesized from carbon dioxide |
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Term
| what are the main products of the calvin cycle? |
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Definition
| The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three-carbon sugar phosphate molecules, or "triose phosphates," namely, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which photosynthetic organisms such as plants turn inorganic carbon (usually carbon dioxide) into organic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| It is an enzyme that catalyzes the first major step of carbon fixation in the creation of sucrose and similar molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a process in plant metabolism by which RuBP (a sugar) has oxygen added to it by the enzyme (rubisco), instead of carbon dioxide during normal photosynthesis. This process reduces efficiency of photosynthesis in C3 plants |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant that utilizes the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) as an adaptation for arid conditions. CO2 entering the stomata during the night is converted into organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin Cycle during the day, when the stomata are closed. |
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Term
| what is a bundle sheath cell? |
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Definition
| layer of cells in plant leaves and stems that forms a sheath surrounding the vascular bundles. In C4 plants the bundle sheath cells contain chloroplasts and are the site of the Calvin cycle |
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Term
| in what instances are c4 plants better than c3 plants? |
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Definition
| •In hot and dry environments C4 photosynthesis is more efficient than C3 photosynthesis. This is due to two reasons. The first one is that the system does not undergo photorespiration, a process that runs counter to photosynthesis (see below). The second one is that plants can keep their pores shut longer periods of time, thus avoiding water loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| CAM photosynthesis, is an elaborate carbon fixation pathway in some plants. These plants fix carbon dioxide during the night, storing it as the four carbon acid malate. ... |
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Term
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Definition
| •One of the tiny pores in the epidermis of a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor pass |
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Term
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
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Term
| stages of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
1. glycolysis
2. swanson conversion
3. krebs cycle
4. electron transport chain |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycolysis is the process during which the glucose is converted into pyruvate. The energy that is released during the reaction is used for the formation of the energy compounds like ATP and NADH. Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway, |
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| what are the main products of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| two NADH, two ATP, and two pyruvate molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| an important molecule in metabolism. Its main function is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production |
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Term
| what happens between glycolysis and the krebs cycle? |
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Definition
| (swanson conversion)- it forms an important link between the metabolic pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration. |
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Term
| what are the main products of the krebs cycle? |
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Definition
2-atp
6-nadh
2-fadh2
4-co2 |
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Term
| whats the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
The electron transport or respiratory chain gets its name from the fact electrons are transported to meet up with oxygen from respiration at the end of the chain. The overall electron chain transport reaction is:
2 H+ + 2 e+ + 1/2 O2 ---> H2O + energy |
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Definition
| An enzyme that allows protons to move through the mitochondrial membrane and trigger phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. |
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Term
| where is most of the energy produced in repiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| what role does oxygen play in respiration? |
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Definition
| Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy. |
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Term
| whats the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
aerobic- uses oxygen
anaerobic- not |
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Term
| what are the 2 types of fermentation? |
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Definition
1.) Alcoholic fermentation
2.) Lactic acid fermentation |
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Term
| what are the 2 types of fermenations end products? |
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Definition
alcoholic:
-Carbon dioxide
-Ethanol
-NAD+
lactic acid:
Lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and ATP |
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