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Definition
| these can kill any cell by blocking some crucial pathway or causing widespread molecular disruption. |
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| blocks transfer of electrons to oxygen |
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| can also block electron trasport steps, deprinving the cell of ATP. |
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| arsenic- are structurally and chemically similar to phosphates, and a cell will build key molecules (such as DNA) using arsenate in place of phosphate |
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Definition
| arsenate is much less stable than phosphate, so the molecules begin to spontaneously fall apart (hydrolyze) |
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| these are chemicals that function as poisons to a more limited degree, and are used to kill cancer cells (chemotherapy) |
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Definition
although these drugs are designed to target a particular type of tumeor or cell, they also affect (kill) some normal cells as well. One of the few specific treatments is the use of radioactive iodine in killing thyroid cells/ tumors, because the thyroid is the only part of the body to store iodine |
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Definition
| are cancer - causing agents. A carcinogen contributes to the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell. |
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Definition
| both benign and malignant cancer arise after a sequence of events (chemical, physical) and have a genetic component (for example, a defective regulatory gene) |
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| a permantent change in a normal cell's DNA |
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| a mutation which has no noticeable effect. |
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| often these transformed cells break away from the original tumor and migrate to new areas in the body, where they form secondary tumors. |
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Definition
| Generally can damge DNA because they either have a strong positive charge, or get one after being partially metabolized be the cell. |
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Term
| type of DNA damage the chemical carcinogens can cause are |
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Definition
base substitutions (changing bases, for example C for T) duplication of large regiosn of chromosome translocations moving parts of one chromosome to another one after to breaks in both DNAs |
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Definition
damages DNA, as well as other cell componets. Chromosomes are most susceptible to radiation damage when they are condensed during mitosis. This makes rapidly dividing tumor cells a target for radiation therapy but also means that normal cells that divide frequently are vulnerable to radiation. |
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Term
| proof reading / error-proof |
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Definition
the cell has a very efficient DNA repair (proof reading) mechanism, based on DNA polymerase, which is virtually error proof. |
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Term
| the guardian of the genome p53 |
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Definition
| a gene whose product inhibits cell division when the DNA is damaged. the p53 protein will prevent replication until the DNA has been repaired. or if the damage is too great, will cause the cell to die by apoptosis = programmed cell death |
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Term
| inheritance of mutations Germ Cells |
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Definition
| mutation which occur in germ (cells which give rise to the sperm or egg) are the only ones that are passed to the next generation (inherited) |
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Term
| inheritance of mutations somatic cells |
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Definition
| somatic cell mutations only affect that individual. they may cause a tumor, but are not passed to the offspring |
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Definition
| tumors are generally the result of multiple mutations each one makes the chromosomes more unstable and the cell less normal |
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Definition
ensure that cell division does not occur unless the DNA is correct and the cell is ready to divide. * mantain high quality DNA * stop the cycle until DNA has been repaired * trigger apoptosis if the DNA cannot be reapired, they are the brakes for the cycle. |
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Definition
| work during the cycle to push the cell towards mitosis and cell division. these are the accelarators of the cycle. |
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