Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are homologous pairs (homologues)? |
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Definition
| carry genes for the same traits |
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Term
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Definition
| have a homologous chromosome PAIR (2n) |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that don’t have homologous pairs (n) |
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Term
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Definition
| putting homologous pairs together |
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Term
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Definition
| the “life span” of a cell |
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Term
| Are the time-frames of all cell types the same? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 periods of INTERPHASE? |
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Definition
- Gap 1 period
- Synthesis period
- Gap 2 period |
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Term
| What happens in the Gap 1 phase of interphase? |
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Definition
| cell growth before dna is duplicated |
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Term
| what happens in the synthesis period of interphase? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in the Gap 2 period of interphase? |
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Definition
| further growth & preparation for mitosis |
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Term
| Will you see chromosomes in the interphase period? |
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Definition
| No, you will only see chromatin |
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Term
| Mitosis is basically what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase |
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Term
| what 3 things happen in prophase? |
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Definition
- chromosomes condense and become visible
- microtubules start to assemble to form spindle fibers
- cell membrane begins to break up |
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Term
| what 3 things happen in metaphase? |
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Definition
- sister chromatids become oriented toward opposite ends of cell
- spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
- line up on equator |
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Term
| which stage of mitosis is rapid? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 2 things happen in anaphase? |
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Definition
- sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
- cell elongates |
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Term
| what 3 things happen in anaphase? |
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Definition
- begins when chromosomes reach opposite ends of cell
- chromosomes de-condense
- nucleaur envelope forms |
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Term
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Definition
| physical division of cell |
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Term
| What period usually overlaps anaphase and telophase? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is cytokinesis different in plants and animals? |
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Definition
- animals form cleavage furrow
- plants form a cell plate |
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Term
| in what kinds of cells does mitosis/cytokinesis occur? |
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Definition
| somatic (body cells of animals |
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Term
| what are the 3 reasons that mitosis/cytokinesis occurs? |
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Definition
o for growth of embryo
o for body growth
o for repair & replacement |
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Term
| Mitosis/cytokinesis is limited to what kind of organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the result of mitosis/cytokinesis? |
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Definition
| 2 cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell |
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Term
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Definition
| region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome |
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Term
| what is the function of telomeres? |
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Definition
| protect the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes |
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Term
| what is telomerase and what does it do? |
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Definition
| - It is an enzyme that adds/replenishes telomeres on the DNA |
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Term
| How do telomeres and telomerase relate to the process of mitosis/cytokinesis? |
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Definition
- telomeres are dissolved in cell division
- telomerase allows for further cell division by replenishing/adding telomeres when they are depleted |
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Term
| Where does Meiosis occur? |
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Definition
| in germ cells (testes/ovaries) |
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Term
| what is the one purpose of meiosis? |
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Definition
| to form gametes (egg/ovum and sperm) |
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Term
| During meiosis, the chromosomes number will be reduced by how much? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does meiosis have one or two cell divisions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Germ cells have _______ number of chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| how many autosome chromosomes do humans have? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many pairs of sex chromosomes do humans have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two meiotic divisions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of Meiosis I? |
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Definition
- prophase I
- metaphase I
- anaphase I
- telophase I |
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of Meiosis II? |
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Definition
- prophase II
- metaphase II
- anaphase II
- telophase II |
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Term
| what is the function of Meiosis I? |
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Definition
| separation of homologous pairs |
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Term
| what is the function of Meiosis II? |
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Definition
| separations of sister chromatids |
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Term
| what 4 things happen in prophase I? |
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Definition
- Individual replicated chromosomes become visible
- Spindle fibers form
- Nuclear membrane disintegrates
- homologous chromosomes pair with each other |
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Term
| In prophase I, what happens when the homologous chromosomes pair together? |
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Definition
| - synapse/crossing over occurs |
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Term
| what is the result of synapse and crossing over? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in metaphase I? |
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Definition
| - homologous pairs line up on equator of cell |
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Term
| what happens in anaphase I? |
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Definition
| homologous pairs separate and move toward opposite poles |
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Term
| what 2 things happen in telophase I? |
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Definition
- spindle fibers disintegrate
- cytokinesis begins |
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Term
| what is the result of Meiosis I? |
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Definition
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Term
| After meiosis, what is the number of chromosomes compared to the original cell? |
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Definition
| 1/2 the number of chromosomes |
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Term
| what happens between meiosis I and II? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 2 things happen in prophase II? |
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Definition
- chromosomes condense
- sister chromatids still attached at centromeres |
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Term
| what happens in metaphase II? |
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Definition
| -chromosomes line up on equator with each sister chromatid oriented toward a pole |
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Term
| what 2 things happen during anaphase II? |
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Definition
- chromosomes separate
– sister chromatids move to opposite poles |
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Term
| what happens in telophase II? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the overall result o Meiosis? |
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Definition
| 4 daughter cells with haploid number of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are 3 types of chromosomal abnormalities? |
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Definition
- deletion
- translocation
- non-disjunction |
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Term
| explain the chromosomal abnormality: deletions |
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Definition
| A portion of the chromosome is missing or deleted |
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Term
| explain the chromosomal abnormality: translocations |
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Definition
| When a portion of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome |
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Term
| Explain the chromosomal abnormality: translocations |
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Definition
| failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis stage 1 or stage 2 |
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