Term
| what are the components of the urinary system |
|
Definition
| kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the urinary system |
|
Definition
| eliminate metabolic waste, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, produce renin and erhthropoietin |
|
|
Term
| what processes does the urinary system do to do its job |
|
Definition
| filtration, active absorption, passing absorption, secretion |
|
|
Term
| what is the dilated upper portion of the ureter begining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the renal pelvic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the major calyces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are the renal pyramids arranged |
|
Definition
| tip towards minor calyx, rays penetrating the cortex |
|
|
Term
| what seperates medullary pyramids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many renal pyramids are there per kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the functional unir of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many nepherons are there per kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the nepheron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what dos the renal corpuscle do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the tubular part of the nepheron do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the renal corpuscle |
|
Definition
| glomerulus, glomerular (bowman's) capsule |
|
|
Term
| what forms the glomerulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms bowman's gland |
|
Definition
| double waled epithelial capsule |
|
|
Term
| where is the inner layer of bowmans capsule |
|
Definition
| enveloping capillaries of the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| where is the outer layer of bowman's capsule |
|
Definition
| degines extenal limit of renal corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the space between the layers of bowman's capsule called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the poles of the renal corpuscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do things enter the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do things exit the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where os the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle located |
|
Definition
| branches into the capillaries of the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| how is the efferent arteriole formed |
|
Definition
| merging of the capillaries that form the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| where is the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle located |
|
Definition
| opposite vascular pole, where the tubular part of the nepheron begins |
|
|
Term
| what does the urinary pole connect |
|
Definition
| with lumen of proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the outer part of bowman's capsule |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the inner part of bowman's capsule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has many primary processes that give rise to secondary processes, processes interdigitate and embrace capillaries for filtration |
|
|
Term
| what are the processes of the podocytes called |
|
Definition
| pedicles or foot processes |
|
|
Term
| describe the composition of glomerular capillaries |
|
Definition
| fenestrated endothelial cells, no diaphragm, basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries between |
|
Definition
| endothelium and podocytes |
|
|
Term
| how is the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries formed |
|
Definition
| fusion of endothelial cells and podocyte basal laminae |
|
|
Term
| what forms the filtration barrier between blood and urinary space |
|
Definition
| glomerular capillaries and podocyte basal laminae fusion to make a basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| in what ways does the filtration barrier of the renal corpuscle work |
|
Definition
| physical and charge barrier |
|
|
Term
| describe the composition of glomerular filtrate |
|
Definition
| chemical composition similar to plasma but with almost no proteins |
|
|
Term
| where are mesangial cells located |
|
Definition
| within the capillary tuft adherine to capillary walls around renal corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of mesangial cells |
|
Definition
| structural support for glomerulus, make ECM, endocytose molecules trapped in basement membrane, contractile, control blood floow through glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| what do mesangial cells have receptors for |
|
Definition
| they have engiotensin II and atrial naturetic factor receptors |
|
|
Term
| what does angiotensin II do do mesangial cells |
|
Definition
| causes contraction and decreased blood flow through the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| what does atrial naturitic factor do to the mesangial cells |
|
Definition
| relaxation and increased blood flow through the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| what connects to the renal corpuscle, where |
|
Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule at urinary pole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the organells of the cells of the PCT |
|
Definition
| acidophillic cytoplasm, many microbilli at apex making brush border, canaliculi between microvilli, plasma membrane with infoldings |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean to have an acidophillic cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the PCT cells attach with neighbor cells |
|
Definition
| lateral plasma membrane interdigitates with neighbor cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the general functions of the cells of the PCT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the apical canaliculi in the PCT cells |
|
Definition
| increase capacity to absorb macromolecules and small proteins that have passed glomerular filter |
|
|
Term
| what do the PCT cells absorb |
|
Definition
| glucosa and AA, small proteins that didnt get picked up, NaCl, H2O |
|
|
Term
| what do the PCT cells secrete |
|
Definition
| creatine, organic acids, organic bases derived from blood |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the loop of hanle |
|
Definition
| thick descending limb (proximal straight tubule), thin descending lumb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb (distal straight tubule) |
|
|
Term
| which part of the loop of henele is variable, how so |
|
Definition
| some nepherons ahve longer or shorted thin limbs or none at all |
|
|
Term
| how far does the loop of henle extend into the medulla |
|
Definition
| some extend a little some not at all |
|
|
Term
| how can nepherons be divided into groups |
|
Definition
| location in renal corpuscle and length of loop of henle |
|
|
Term
| what classifies a corticol nepheron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what classifies a juxtamedullary nepheron |
|
Definition
| long loops of henle extending deep into the medulla |
|
|
Term
| what establishes the osmotic gradient in the medulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the osmotic gradient of the medulla make it possible to produce |
|
Definition
| hypertonic urine and conservation of water |
|
|
Term
| describe the osmotic gradient of the medulla of the kdney from the base of the medulla to the tip |
|
Definition
| near isoosmotic at the base of the medulla to hyperosmotic at the tip |
|
|
Term
| what is the gradient of the medulla established by |
|
Definition
| selective permability of thin descending and thin ascending limbs of the loop of henle to water ad NaCl |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the DCT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the cells of the DCT differ to those of the PCT |
|
Definition
| no brush border, no apical canaliculi, smaller |
|
|
Term
| how are the DCT cells the same as PCT cells |
|
Definition
| both have basal membrane infoldings and associated mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the DCT cells |
|
Definition
| absorb Na and secrete K (aldosterone), secrete H+ and ammonium for acid base balance |
|
|
Term
| what regulates soidum absorption and K+ secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the DCT in line with in the nepheron |
|
Definition
| vascular pole of renal corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located |
|
Definition
| in line with the begining of the DCT and vascular pole of renal corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| what cells is the juxtaglomerular apparatus made of |
|
Definition
| cells of macula densa, JG cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a modified segment of the wall of the DCT |
|
|
Term
| what distinguishes the macula densa from the DCT |
|
Definition
| taller epithelial cells, closer nuclei, darker apperance |
|
|
Term
| what are the macula densa cells sensitive to |
|
Definition
| ionic content and water volume of tubular fluid |
|
|
Term
| what are JG cells modified from |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole |
|
|
Term
| what is absent near jG cells of the JG apparatus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organell is abundent in JG cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of extraglomerular mesangial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the JG apparatus activate |
|
Definition
| renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
|
|
Term
| how does the JG apparatus stimulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
|
Definition
1. macula densa cells signal JC cells to release renin
2. renin activates angiotensinogen to angiotensin i
3. angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by ACE in the lung
4. angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterne |
|
|
Term
| what do multiple collecting tubules connect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do collecting ducts go from the nepheron |
|
Definition
| travel to medulla to papillae at tips of medullary pyramids |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the collecting ducts as they approach the renal papillae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tissue is collecting tubules and ducts |
|
Definition
| simple cuboidal that becomes columnar distally |
|
|
Term
| what types of cells are in the collecting tubules and ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the most numerous cells in the collecting tubules and ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are dark cells located |
|
Definition
| cortical regions and absent in distal ducts |
|
|
Term
| what do dark cells secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does antidirutic hormone do to collecting ducts |
|
Definition
| make them permable to water |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the contents as the collecting duct passes through osmotic gradient to medulla |
|
Definition
| water is removed concentrating it |
|
|
Term
| what does the renal artery branch to form, where |
|
Definition
| the interlobar arteries between the medullary pyramids |
|
|
Term
| what do inerlobar arteries form, where |
|
Definition
| arcuate arteries at corticomedullary junction that follows corticomedullary interface |
|
|
Term
| what do acurate arteries give off, in what formation, where |
|
Definition
| interlobular at right angles that travel to the cortex perpendicular to renal capsule |
|
|
Term
| what do interlobular arteries give off, where do these go |
|
Definition
| afferent arterioles that enter renal corpuscles |
|
|
Term
| what do afferent arterioles divide into |
|
Definition
| capillaries of the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| what do capillaries of the glomerulus merge into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do efferent arterioles branch into |
|
Definition
| peritubular capillary network |
|
|
Term
| what do efferent arterioles form |
|
Definition
| corticol glomeruli, juxtamedullary glomeruli |
|
|
Term
| where are corticol glomeruli |
|
Definition
| network wround local tubules |
|
|
Term
| what do the juxtamedullary glomeruli form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long straight vessels that descend along the loop of henle into medulla, they make hair pin loops and ascend out of the medulla along the loop tubules |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the straight down and up course of the vasa recta |
|
Definition
| maintain osmotic gradient of the medulla |
|
|
Term
| where do corticol capillaries drain into |
|
Definition
| interlobular veins then arcuate veins |
|
|
Term
| what drain into arcuate veins |
|
Definition
| interlobular veins and medullary capillaries |
|
|
Term
| where do arcuate veins drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do interlobar veins drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do capillaries from the outermost cortex and renal capsule drain |
|
Definition
| into stellate veins near surface of kidney |
|
|
Term
| where do stellate veins drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to urine once it leaves the collecting duct and renal papilla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the urine go after the renal papilla |
|
Definition
| series of structures specialized to store urine and pass it to body exterior |
|
|
Term
| what is the structure of the ureter similar to |
|
Definition
| minor and major calyces, renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| what is the lining of the ureter |
|
Definition
| transitional epithelium (urothelium) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the urothelium |
|
Definition
| impermable to salts and water |
|
|
Term
| how is muscle arranged in the ureter |
|
Definition
| inner layer, outer layer, distally a third outer longitudinal layer that enters the bladder |
|
|
Term
| how is the inner layer of ureter muscle arranged |
|
Definition
| loose spiral, longitudinal |
|
|
Term
| how is the outer layer of ureter muscle arranged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retroperitoneal adipose tissue, vessels, and nerves around the ureter |
|
|
Term
| where does the ureter penetrate the bladder, what is formed at this point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the bladder lined with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compare the muscle of the ureter to the bladder |
|
Definition
| the bladder is less regular |
|
|
Term
| describe the muscles at the bladder neck |
|
Definition
| a ring like arrangement around urethra |
|
|
Term
| where is the internal urethral sphincter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of control do we have of the internal urethral sphincter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is distinct about the femal urethra |
|
Definition
| mid part is surrounded by voluntary external sphincter made of striated muscle, transitional epithelium initially becomes stratified squamous terminally, shorter |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the male urethra |
|
Definition
| prostatic, membranous, penile |
|
|
Term
| where is the prostatic urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lines the prostatic urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the membranous urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lines membranous urethra |
|
Definition
| stratified or pseudostratified columnar |
|
|
Term
| where is the external urethral sphinctor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the penile urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the penile urethra lined ith |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar becoming stratified squamous distally |
|
|
