Term
| what are the conducting portions of the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| what is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| respiratory bronchioles, aveolar ducts, aveoli |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the conducting portion of the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| conduct ait to and from the lungs, clean humidify and warm air |
|
|
Term
| how does the respiratory system clean air |
|
Definition
| hairs and mucus trap particulate matter |
|
|
Term
| how does the respiratory system humidify ait, why |
|
Definition
| mucous and serous secretions add moisture to protect the aveolar lining from desiccation |
|
|
Term
| how does the respiratory system warm air |
|
Definition
| superificial vascular network |
|
|
Term
| what is most of the conducting portion of the respiratory system lined with, what special featues do the cells have |
|
Definition
| respiratory epithelium with cillia, pseudostratified columnar, goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| what glands does the conducting respoiratory epithelium have, where are they located |
|
Definition
| mucous and serous, in lamina propria and submucosa |
|
|
Term
| how many cell types does the conducting respiratory epithelium have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many cells touch the basement membrane in conducting respiratory epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cell types of the conducting respiratory epithelium |
|
Definition
| ciliated columnar, goblet cells, brush cells, basal cells, small granular cells |
|
|
Term
| how many cilia does a ciliated columnar cell, what does it have in order to support their function |
|
Definition
| around 300, many mitochondria to supply ATP |
|
|
Term
| where on a goblet cells are mucous droplets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is mucous drops from a goblet cell made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what shape are brush cells, what features do they have |
|
Definition
| columnar cells with microvilli, afferent nerve endings (on basal surfaces), sensory receptors |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of basal cells, where are they not loacted |
|
Definition
| they are reserve cells that can differentate into other cell types, not in the laminal surface |
|
|
Term
| what cells resemble a basal cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many dense core granules does a granular cell contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cell is a neurocndocrine cell |
|
Definition
| small granular cell of the respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what system is a neuroendocrine cell part of |
|
Definition
| diffuse neuroendocrine system |
|
|
Term
| what is the most anterior portion of the nasal cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what glands does the vestibule of the nasal cavity contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are vibrissae, where are they located |
|
Definition
| thick short hairs of the bestivule of the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of vibrissae |
|
Definition
| filter out large particles from inspired air |
|
|
Term
| before entering the nasal fossae, what does the epithelium transition fo |
|
Definition
| non-keratinized then respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are the nasal fossae |
|
Definition
| two cavernous chambers with three conchae projecting from the lateral wall |
|
|
Term
| what seperates the nasal fossae cavities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the nasal fossae is covered by olfactory epithelium |
|
Definition
| roof and portion of the superior conchae |
|
|
Term
| if not covered by the olfactory epithelium, what is the nasal fossae covered by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the conchae, how |
|
Definition
| improve conditioning of air by providing greater surface area of contact and trublent air flow |
|
|
Term
| where are swell bodies located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the epithelium of the nasal fossae recover from desiccation |
|
Definition
| every 20-30 minutes the swell bodies on one side become engourged limiting airflow on that side |
|
|
Term
| what formation of vessels allows efficient warming of air, where are they located |
|
Definition
| in the nasal fossae there is a lattace formation of vessels arcading to the surface |
|
|
Term
| where is the olfactory mucosa located |
|
Definition
| in the roof of the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
| what are the shape of the cells in the olfactory mucosa |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of cells in the olfactory mucosa |
|
Definition
| supporting, basal, olfactory |
|
|
Term
| what color are the suppoering cells of the olfactory mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what projections do the supporting cells of the olfactory mucosa have, what are they surrounded by |
|
Definition
| microvilli, a fluid layer |
|
|
Term
| what are the basal cells of the olfactory mucosa shaped like, where are the located |
|
Definition
| round or cone shaped, at the base of the epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are olfactory cells really |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the dendrites of the olfactory cells, what do they respond to |
|
Definition
| long non-motile cilia that respond to odoriferous substances |
|
|
Term
| what forms olfactory nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what secretes the fluid layer that covers the surface of the olfactory mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the paranasal sinuses located |
|
Definition
| frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones |
|
|
Term
| what are paranasal sinuses lined with |
|
Definition
| thin respiratory epithelium, few goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| how does mucus get out of the paranasal sinuses |
|
Definition
| it drains into the nasal cavity aided by cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first part of hte larynx |
|
|
Term
| what is the nasopharynx lined by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the larynx connect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the large cartilages of the larynx |
|
Definition
| thyroid, cricoid, arythenoids |
|
|
Term
| what type of cartilage are the large cartilages of the larynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the small cartilages of the larynx |
|
Definition
| epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, tips of the arytenoids |
|
|
Term
| what type a cartilage are the small cartilages of the larynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the larnyx lined by |
|
Definition
| respitory epithelium (mostly) and stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| where is the larynx lined by stratified squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| lingul and apical epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| what are the true vocal cords |
|
Definition
| lingul and apical epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| what is the vocal ligament |
|
Definition
| large bundles of elastic fibers in the true vocal cords |
|
|
Term
| what is the trachea lined with |
|
Definition
| typical respiratory eipthelium |
|
|
Term
| what forms the skeleton of the trachea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the C rings of the trachea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what joins the open ends of the trachea |
|
Definition
| fibroelastic ligament and smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the fibroelastic ligament and smooth muscle at the open ends of the trachea |
|
Definition
| prevent overdistension and control lumen size |
|
|
Term
| what type of glands does the trachea have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides into two primary bronchi |
|
|
Term
| where does the primary bornchi enter the lung |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many times does a primary bronchi divide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the structure of the bronchi similar to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the bronchi lined with |
|
Definition
| typical respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| compart the cartilages of the bronchi to the trachea |
|
Definition
| the bronchi rings are more irregular, they are complete in the larger bronchi, in the smaller bronchi they are replaced by isolated plates |
|
|
Term
| what is beneath the epithelium of the bronchi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the smooth muscle of the bronchi arranged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what zone of the bronchi has the most prominate smooth muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of glands does the bronchi have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of fibers does the bronchi have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the many lymphocytes of the bronchi located |
|
Definition
| lamina propria and epithelium |
|
|
Term
| where are lymphatic nodules especially present in relation to the bronchi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the glands and cartilage of the bronchioles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the walls of the bronchioles made of |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle and elastic fibers, goblet cells in initial segments |
|
|
Term
| what are pulmonary lobules |
|
Definition
| pyramid shaped areas with one bronchiole entering it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin connective tissue septum |
|
|
Term
| how many terminal bronchioles does each bronchiole have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the epithelium of the bronchioles, what are the differences based on loaction, what projections in what locations |
|
Definition
| simplifies in height and complexity from ciliated pseudodtratified columnar in larger bronchioles to simple ciliated columnar of cuboidal in smaller terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| where are clara cells located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what projections of clara cells have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what granules do clara cells have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do clara cells secrete, what is their function |
|
Definition
| surface acting substances, prevent collapse and adherence of the epithelium. proteins to protect bronchiolar lining against oxidative pollutants and inflammation |
|
|
Term
| where are neuroepithelial bodies located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of neuroepithelial bodies |
|
Definition
| recieve cholinergic nerve endings, chemoreceptors that react to changes in gas composition, repair and endothelial cell renewal after injury |
|
|
Term
| what do terminal bronchioles divide into, how many |
|
Definition
| 2 or more respiratory bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| what are respiratory bronchioles a transition befteen |
|
Definition
| condicting and respiratory portions of the respiratory system |
|
|
Term
| what are respiratory bronchioles structurally identical to, except? |
|
Definition
| terminal bronchioles except their walls are interrupted by saclike aveoli |
|
|
Term
| what does the epithelium transition to at the aveolar openings |
|
Definition
| squamous aveolar lining cells |
|
|
Term
| what cells are located in the distal regions of the respiratory bronchioles |
|
Definition
| ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells change to nonciliated, clara cells present |
|
|
Term
| at what point is the resporatory bronchiole called an aveolar duct |
|
Definition
| when the opening in the wall of the respiratory bronchiole becomes so numeorus nothing else is left |
|
|
Term
| what is located between aveoli and their openings |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle that appears as knobs and dissipears distally |
|
|
Term
| what supports the aveolar ducts and aveoli |
|
Definition
| elastic and reticular fibers |
|
|
Term
| what do aveolar ducts open into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do atria communicate with |
|
Definition
| two more more aveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
| what encircles the openings of atria, aveolar sacs, and aveoli |
|
Definition
| elastic and reticular fiber complex networks |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the elastic fibers of the aveoli |
|
Definition
| allow them to expand with inspiration and contract passivly in expiration |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the reticular fibers of the aveoli |
|
Definition
| prevent overdistension and damage to the capillaries and aveolar septa |
|
|
Term
| what is the site of gas exchange between air and blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an interaveolar septum |
|
Definition
| each wall between two neighboring aveoli |
|
|
Term
| what connect adjacent aveoli, what is the function of these structures |
|
Definition
| pores that equalize pressure and promote collateral circulation if a bronchiole is obstructed |
|
|
Term
| what is the interaveolar septum mave of |
|
Definition
| two thin squamous epithelial layers with capillarie, elastic fibers, reticular fibers, connective tissue matrix, a cells between them |
|
|
Term
| what are the cells in the interaveolar septum |
|
Definition
| leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capillaries and connective tissue of the interaveolar septum |
|
|
Term
| what structures form the blood air barrier |
|
Definition
| aveolar lining, fused basal laminae of aveolar lining and endothelial cell, endothelial cell |
|
|
Term
| how is CO2 liberated from H2CO3, where does this occur |
|
Definition
| carbonic anhydrase in the RBC |
|
|
Term
| what type of endothelial lining do the capillaries of the aveolar lining have |
|
Definition
| continous, not fenestrated |
|
|
Term
| how does the capillary of the aveoli stay so thin |
|
Definition
| clustering of the nuclei and organells |
|
|
Term
| what do the flattened portions of the aveoli capillary endothelium contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most prevlient cell of the aveolar surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what shape are type one aveolar cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are organells aranged in type 1 aveolar cells, why |
|
Definition
| around the nucleus allowing large areas of the cytoplasm virtually free of organelles |
|
|
Term
| what does the thin portion of type 1 aveolar cells contain, why |
|
Definition
| pinocytotic vesicles for turnover of surfactant, removal of particulate contaminats from the surface |
|
|
Term
| what type of junctions do type 1 aveolar cells have, why |
|
Definition
| occulding to prevent leakage of tissue fluid into the aveolar air space |
|
|
Term
| how are type 2 aveolar cells aranged, where |
|
Definition
| in groups of two or three along the aveolar surface often in angles of the walls |
|
|
Term
| what type of junctions do type 2 aveolar cells have, with what other cells, what does this form |
|
Definition
| occluding junctions with type 1 forming part of the epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between the origin of type 1 and 2 aveolar cells |
|
Definition
| there is none, they divide to replace both 1 and 2 |
|
|
Term
| what makes the cytoplasm of the type 2 aveolar cells different, why is it |
|
Definition
| it is vesicular or foamy due to the lamellar bodies |
|
|
Term
| what do lamellar bodies contain |
|
Definition
| phospholipids, glycosaminoglycans, proteins |
|
|
Term
| what is the secretion of lamellar bodies called (what cells does this come from) |
|
Definition
| pumlmonary surfactant, type 2 aveolar |
|
|
Term
| where is pulmonary surfactant located once secreted |
|
Definition
| apical surface of aveolar cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of pulmonary surfactant |
|
Definition
| reduce aveolar surface tension, takes less force to inflate aveoli, prevents collapse of aveoli in expiration |
|
|
Term
| at what point in development does surfactant appear |
|
Definition
| in last weeks of gestation during fetal lung development |
|
|
Term
| what happens if a newborn is deficient in surfactant |
|
Definition
| respiratory distress syndrome |
|
|
Term
| do you keep the same surfactant all your life |
|
Definition
| no, it is constantly turned over |
|
|
Term
| what are dust cells also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are dust cells located |
|
Definition
| interior of ineraveolar septum on surface of the aveolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| debris passed from aveolar lumen to the interstitium by the phincytotic activity of type 1 aveolar cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the path of a dust cell, what is its destany |
|
Definition
| it scavanges its way to the surface and is carried up the airway, then swallowed |
|
|
Term
| what marks the begining of the trachea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do seromucus glands do |
|
Definition
| help goblet cells keep mucous moist |
|
|
Term
| what do serous glands secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the smooth muscle content of the bronchi as they decrease in diameter |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle will make up more of the bronchi branch |
|
|
Term
| what type of lymph tissue is by bronchi |
|
Definition
| diffuse lymphoid tissue with nodules |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the branches begining with primary bronchi and ending with aveoli |
|
Definition
| primary bronchi > bronchi > bronchioles > terminal branches > acenous > respiratory branches > aveolar duct > atria > aveolar sac > terminal aveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recieves terminal bronchiole and gives off respiratory bronchiole. smallest functional unit of the lung |
|
|
Term
| what do bronchioles correspond to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dilated area of aveolar ducts |
|
|
