Term
| what is contraction of muscle due to |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
| body movements, posture, heat production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| idenical to striated muscle but restricted to the tounge pharynx, upper esophagus, and lumbar of the diaphragm |
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|
Term
| where is cardiac muscle found |
|
Definition
| wall of heart and base of great vessels exiting the heart |
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|
Term
| where is smooth muscle located |
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Definition
| viscera and vascular system, arrector pili of skin, intrinsic muscles of eye |
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|
Term
| what is another name for a muscle cell, why |
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Definition
| fiber due to thread like or fibrous apperance |
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|
Term
| what is a multinucelate syncytium |
|
Definition
| cells working together to form a functional unit, a muscle fiber |
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|
Term
| how long are muscle fibers |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| nuclei of skeletal muscle fibers in the cytoplasm immediatly beneath the plasma membrane |
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|
Term
| what is skeletal muscle formed in development |
|
Definition
| fusion of individugial myoblasts making it multinucleate |
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Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue at the end of a muscle |
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|
Term
| what covers muscle fibers |
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Definition
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|
Term
| why do muscle fibers need a connective tissue covering |
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Definition
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Term
| on muscles, where do blood vessels and nerves travel |
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Definition
| in the connective tissue covering |
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|
Term
| what are the connective tissue coverings of muscle |
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Definition
| endomysium, perimysium, epimysium |
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|
Term
| what is endomysium made of |
|
Definition
| reticular fibers surrounding indivigual muscle fibers |
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|
Term
| what travels in the endomysium |
|
Definition
| small blood vesels and nerves |
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|
Term
| what does the perimysium contain |
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Definition
| groups of fibers to make a bundle or fasicle, large blood vessels and nerves |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| functional units of muscle that rend to work together to perform specific functions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| how are types of skeletal muscle fibers classified |
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Definition
| speed of contraction and metabolic activity |
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|
Term
| how can you view skeletal muscle fibers |
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Definition
| histochemical techniques with NADH TR reaction |
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|
Term
| what is contractile speed |
|
Definition
| how fast the fiber can contract and relax |
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|
Term
| what determines how fast ATP can be used in muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| velocity of myosin ATPase reaction because it breaks it down |
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|
Term
| what does the metabolic profile of skeletal muscle indicate |
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Definition
| capacit for ATP production by oxydative phosphorlyation or glycolosis |
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|
Term
| what fibers are associated with oxidative metabolism |
|
Definition
| myoglobin with lots of mitochondria |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen binding protein that resembles Hb in varying amounts in muscle |
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|
Term
| what are the types of skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
| type 1 (slow oxidative), type 2a (fast oxidative), type 2b (fast glucolytic) |
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|
Term
| why is smooth muscle smooth |
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Definition
| due to myofilament arangement, a different contractile machine |
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|
Term
| within the skeletal muscle cells, where is the nuclei located |
|
Definition
| immediatly beneath the cytoplasm membrane |
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|
Term
| what is the rate limiting step in contraction / relaxation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do fibers that use oxidative metabolism need |
|
Definition
| myoglobin and mitochondria |
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|
Term
| what is another name for type 1 fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the levels of mitochondria, glycogen, and myoglobin in type 1 fibers |
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Definition
| lots of mito and myoglobin, no glycogen |
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|
Term
| what color are type 1 fibers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of movent is type 1 fibers good at |
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Definition
| slow twitch, single brief contraction, fatuge resistance, low tension |
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|
Term
| which type of muscle has the slowest ATPase reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of athletes have lots of type 1 fibers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of muscle fibers are intermediate in size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the levels of mitochondria, glycogen, and myoglobin in type 2a fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for type 2a fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is glycogen used for in muscle |
|
Definition
| make glucose for muscle only |
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|
Term
| what types of movements are type 2a fibers good at |
|
Definition
| fast twitch, fatuge resistant, high tension |
|
|
Term
| what makes type 2a fibers fature resistant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of athletes have type 2a muscle fibers |
|
Definition
| middle distance runners, swimmers, hockey |
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|
Term
| whats another name for type 2b fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the levels of mitochondria and myoglobin in type 2b fibers |
|
Definition
| few mitochondria and myoglobin (few oxidation enzymes) |
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|
Term
| if type 2b fibers dont have mitochondria and myoglobin what do they have |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do anaerobic enzymes produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does lactic acid cause in muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscle movements is type 2b fibers good at |
|
Definition
| fast twitch, fatuge prone, increased tension, percice movement like occular and fngers |
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|
Term
| which type of muscle fibers has the fastest ATPase activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do type 2b fibers get their percision from |
|
Definition
| increased neuro muscular junctions |
|
|
Term
| what type of athletes have type 2b fibers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle plasma membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle cytoplasm |
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|
Term
| what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the job of the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| store and sequester calcium in skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| what are the transverse tubules |
|
Definition
| inward projections or invaginations of the sarcolemma in skeletal muscle |
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|
Term
| what is the definition of a myofibril |
|
Definition
| structural functional subunit of the muscle fiber |
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|
Term
| what is the definition of the msarcomere |
|
Definition
| functional subunit of a myofibril |
|
|
Term
| list the subunits down to muscle begining with the sarcomere |
|
Definition
| sarcomere> myofibril> fiber> fasicle> muscle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of skeletal muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the entire length of the muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is a myfibril made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the contractile element of a muscle fiber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are myofilaments made of |
|
Definition
| myosin 2, actin and its associated proteins (f actin, traponin, tropomyson) |
|
|
Term
| what is the skeletal muscle thick filament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the skeletal muscle thin filament |
|
Definition
| actin and its associated proteins |
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|
Term
| what occupies a bulk of the skeletal muscle sarcoplasm |
|
Definition
| actin, it associated proteins, and myosin 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filamentous actin, polymere formed from G actin (globular) |
|
|
Term
| what are the regulatory proteins of skeletal muscle contractile unit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the functional unit of the myofibril |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the sarcomere run between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is needed to fuel contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of movements to skeletal muscle filaments make when contracting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two transverse tubules with a terminal cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum on each side |
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|
Term
| what is a neuromuscular junction |
|
Definition
| a neuron and its associated muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what happens to muscle if nerve function is dyrupted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain how acetylcholine causes contraction, tell the story |
|
Definition
| ach is released from the axon terminal presynaptic vesicle, it then reaches receptors on the synaptic cleft on the sarcolemma |
|
|
Term
| what does acetylcholinesterase do |
|
Definition
| decrease acetylcholine's ability to bind to receptors, stopping continued muscle stimulation |
|
|
Term
| what is acetylcholinesterase located |
|
Definition
| inside the basal lamina that seperates the motor end plate and sarcolemma |
|
|
Term
| what are junctional folds |
|
Definition
| folds on the sarcolemma that increase the surface area |
|
|
Term
| what causes myasthemia graves |
|
Definition
| ach receptors are blocked by antibodies decreasing functional receptors causing a decrease in neuromuscular junctions and widening the sympathetic cleft and smoothing junctional folds |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of myasthemia graves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of disease is myasthemia graves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the nucleus of cardiac muscle. numbers, location |
|
Definition
| 1 nucleus, central location |
|
|
Term
| what type of fibers does cardiac muscle have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the juxtanuclear area |
|
Definition
| made by myofibrils passing around the nucleus of cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
| what cell components congregate near myofibrils in cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
| mitochondria and glycogen |
|
|
Term
| what is the organization of the cardiac muscle SER |
|
Definition
| small, terminal cisternae of SER are close to T tubules making the diad |
|
|
Term
| who has more t tubules: cardiac or skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an itercalated disc and its function |
|
Definition
| junction between cells for structural and communication |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of an intercalated disc |
|
Definition
| fasciae adherins, desmosome, gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of fasciae adherins |
|
Definition
| anchoring acting of terminal sarcomere |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of desmosomes in cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
| prevent pulling apart of cardiac muscle in contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of gap junctions in cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
| ionic continuity, aloows synctum behavior, passes contraction signals |
|
|
Term
| what hormones are in atrial cells |
|
Definition
| atrial naturietic factor, brain naturitic factor |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the atrial hormones |
|
Definition
| decrease blood pressure via urinary excretion, inhibits renin from the kidney and aldosterone from the adrenal gland, decrease smooth muscle contraction, |
|
|
Term
| what does increased brain naturistic factor indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does it mean when we say the heart is autorythmic |
|
Definition
| initiated, regulated and coordinated by LOCAL SPECIALIZED MODIFIED CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS. |
|
|
Term
| what are conducting cells |
|
Definition
| LOCAL SPECIALIZED MODIFIED CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS organized into nodes and specilized fibers |
|
|
Term
| what are the specilized conducting cell nodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the specilized conducting cell fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the purkinje fibers located |
|
Definition
| in ventricles, beneath endocardium or epicardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased oxygen causing cell death |
|
|
Term
| what happens when cardiac cell die |
|
Definition
| they are replaced with fibrous connective tissue and loose function |
|
|
Term
| what is anon-fatal myocardial infarction |
|
Definition
| where cardiac cells die and they are replaced with fibrous connective tissue and loose function |
|
|
Term
| can cardiac cells replace themselves when they get hurt, explain |
|
Definition
| kind of, it is shown they have the potential to replicate but in very very small amounts |
|
|
Term
| what neurons control smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| they have their own set of neurons |
|
|
Term
| what are smooth muscle cells shaped like, and their nucleus |
|
Definition
| spindle or falsiform, sausage |
|
|
Term
| how are smooth muscle cells organized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does smooth muscle cells communicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the organells located in smooth muscle cells, what is it called |
|
Definition
| near the ends of the sausage nucleus in clumps called dense bodies |
|
|
Term
| what is a dense body like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cytoskeleton of smooth muscle made of |
|
Definition
| desmin and vimentin (intermediate filaments) |
|
|
Term
| what is the smooth muscle thin filament made of |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle isoform of actin and tryptomyosin, smooth muscle specific proteins |
|
|
Term
| what does the smooth muscle actin attach to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the smooth muscle specific proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the thick filament made of in smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle specific myosin 2 |
|
|
Term
| what type of stimulus can activate smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| mechanical, chemical, electrical |
|
|
Term
| what type of contraction does smooth muscle do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can smooth muscle make |
|
Definition
| type IV collagen, type III collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| what can smooth muscle store |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are examples of when smooth muscle would do mitosis |
|
Definition
| in menstrual cycle and pregnacy via the hormones, replace damaged vessels and mucusularis externa of GI which may increase over life |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between fibroblasts and smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| they turn into smooth muscle like becoming myofibroblasts and contract to pull edges of a wound closer |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between epithelial cells and smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| contracts like smooth muscle in sweat, mammary, and salavary glands and in iris of eye |
|
|
Term
| does smooth muscle have traponin or t tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
