Term
| what does blood transport |
|
Definition
| nuteirnts, oxygen, waste, CO2, hormones, humoral agents |
|
|
Term
| how does blood act in homeostasis |
|
Definition
| acts as a buffer and particupates in colagulation and thermoregulation |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of blood cells |
|
Definition
| erythrocytes RBC, leukocytes WBC, thrombocytes (platlets) |
|
|
Term
| what property does plasma give to blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of material is plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is percentage of blood vs plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a hemocrit show |
|
Definition
| volume of erythrocytes, laukocytes, and platlets in blood |
|
|
Term
| what percentage of blood is RBC in females vs males |
|
Definition
| females 40-50%, males 35-45% |
|
|
Term
| what percentage of blood is leukocytes and platlets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leukocytes and platlets in a hemocrit |
|
|
Term
| in a hemocrit what is the order of the layers in the tube, top to bottom |
|
Definition
| plasma, leukocytes and platlets, RBC |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of plasma, what percentage of plasma are they |
|
Definition
| 91-92% water, 7-8% protein, 1-2% other solutes |
|
|
Term
| what are the other solutes that could be in plasma |
|
Definition
| electrolytes, non-protein nitrogen substances, nutrients, gasses, regulatory substances |
|
|
Term
| what are the plasma proteins |
|
Definition
| albumin, globulins, fibrinogen |
|
|
Term
| what is the most abundent plasma protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of albumin |
|
Definition
| maintain osmotic pressure, carrier protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of globulins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the largest plasma protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of fibrinogen |
|
Definition
| convert to fibein and form blood cells |
|
|
Term
| what is fibrinogen made by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liquid part of blood left after blood clots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrinogen and clotting factors |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common stain for examining blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the wright stain made of |
|
Definition
| acidic and basic dyes including azures |
|
|
Term
| describe the process examining blood microscopically |
|
Definition
| cells spread in a thin layer on a slide, air dry, then stain |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of erythrocytes |
|
Definition
| bind oxygen to deliver it to tissues and bind CO2 to remove it from tissues |
|
|
Term
| how do erythrocytes bind oxygen and CO2 |
|
Definition
| hemoglobin and iron containing protein |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the biconcave disc of a RBC |
|
Definition
| larger surface to volume ratio to enhance gas exchange, flexability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a membrane protein in hte RBC that gives flexability |
|
|
Term
| describe the nucleus of a RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the organelles of a mature RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is inside a mature RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do RBC get energy without organells |
|
Definition
| glucose dependent, anaerobic |
|
|
Term
| what is the lifespan of a RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when a RBC dies |
|
Definition
| it is remove from circulation by macrophages of the spleen, bone marrow, and liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immature RBC released into circulation from the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| what is inside a reticulocyte, why does it have any organells? |
|
Definition
| some mitochondria, ribosomes, golgi, just to make cytoskeleton and hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for a RBC to mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of staining is used for reticulocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the percentage of RBC that are reticulocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do leukocytes carry out their function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of leuyocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the categories of leukocytes |
|
Definition
| granulocytes and agranulocytes |
|
|
Term
| why are there two categories of leukocytes |
|
Definition
| because agranulocytes are mononuclear cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the graunlocytes, why are they named this |
|
Definition
| neutrophils, esiniphils, and basophils, because they have specific granules |
|
|
Term
| what are the agranulocytes, why are they named this |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes and monocytes, because they have non-specific granules |
|
|
Term
| what precent of laukocytes are neutrophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of cytoplasm granules in a neutrophil |
|
Definition
| specific, azurophilic, tertiary |
|
|
Term
| how are neutrophil granules released |
|
Definition
| exocytosis or fusion to phagosomes in the cell |
|
|
Term
| what are the most numerous neutrophil granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the largest neutrophil granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do specific granules contain |
|
Definition
| enzymes: type IV collagenase, phospholipase, complement activators, antibacterial agents |
|
|
Term
| what are azurophilic granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do asurophilic granules contain |
|
Definition
| myeloproxidase, acid hydrolases, defensins |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of tertiary granules |
|
Definition
| phosphasomes and metalloproteinases |
|
|
Term
| what do phosphasomes contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do metalloproteinases contain |
|
Definition
| gelatinases and collagenases |
|
|
Term
| where do neutriphils carry out their functions |
|
Definition
| in soft tissue, they are very mobile |
|
|
Term
| what are the most numerous of the first wave of cells to respond to tissue damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain how neutrophils respond to tissue damage |
|
Definition
| ingest and kill microbes and probablly die in the process |
|
|
Term
| what happens when neutrophils die after fighting microbes |
|
Definition
| accumulation of dead microbes and dead neutrophils makes yellow exudate (puss) |
|
|
Term
| what does iL-1 cause, where does it come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells does inflamation and wound healing involve |
|
Definition
| macrophages, lymphocytes, esinophils, basophils, and fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of neutrophils leaving venules by passing between endothelial cells and penetrating connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| how is diapedesis triggered |
|
Definition
| chemicles released in the area of inflamation |
|
|
Term
| what percentage of leukocytes is esinophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the cell contents of esinophils |
|
Definition
| bi-lobed nucleus, large azurophilic granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what proteins are in eosinophil granules |
|
Definition
| major basic, eosinophil catitonic, esinophil preroxidase, esinophil derived neurotoxin, and hydrolytic enzymes specific to the granule |
|
|
Term
| what hydrolytic enzymes could be in the esinophil granules |
|
Definition
| histaminase, arylsulfatase, collagenase, carhepsins |
|
|
Term
| what is major basic protein made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what oes arylsulfatase do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does eosinophil derived neurotoxin do |
|
Definition
| causes nervous system dysfunction in parasites |
|
|
Term
| what do major basic protein, esinophil catagonic protein, and esinophil peroxidase do |
|
Definition
| cytotoxic effect on protozoans and helminthic parasites |
|
|
Term
| what to esinophils react to |
|
Definition
| allergic reaction, parasitic infection, chorionic inflammation, disease, helminthic parasitesm mucosal inflammation |
|
|
Term
| where are esinophils normally found, why |
|
Definition
| spleen, lymph nodes, and gi, sites of chronic inflamation |
|
|
Term
| what percent of laukocytes is basophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what granules do basophils contain |
|
Definition
| specific metachromiatic granules |
|
|
Term
| what do basophil granules contain |
|
Definition
| histamine, heparin, heparan sulfate, leukotrienes |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of basophils |
|
Definition
| similar to mast cells, get inflammation started |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| response of cells to inflammation |
|
|
Term
| what percent of leukocytes are lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| immune defence mechanisms, mostly specific immune response |
|
|
Term
| where do lymphocytes circulate |
|
Definition
| lymph, blood, and body tissues |
|
|
Term
| describe the cellular contents of lymphocytes: nucleus,chromatin, cytoplasm, granules |
|
Definition
| small round nucleus, condensed chromatin, slightly basophilic, a few azurophilic granules |
|
|
Term
| what percent of leukocytes are monocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of monocytes |
|
Definition
| the precursoe of macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest leukocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the nucleus of a monocyte |
|
Definition
| deep indentation, less intesnly stained, horse shoe shaped |
|
|
Term
| what do platlets come from, where is this process located |
|
Definition
| fragmentation of megakaryocytes cytoplasm in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of platlets |
|
Definition
| surveillance of blood vessels, platlet plug, surface coagulation protein complexes, secrete factors that moedulate coagulation and vascular repair |
|
|
Term
| how long do platlets live |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of granules do platlets have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do alpha granules include |
|
Definition
| adhesion molecules, platlet derived growth factor, and fibrinogen |
|
|
Term
| what do dense granules include |
|
Definition
| calcium, ADP, ATP, serotonin |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the platlet cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
| microtubules, actin, myosin, dense tubular system with intracellular store of calcium, canalicular system |
|
|
Term
| what is that function of microtubules in platlets, where are they located |
|
Definition
| maintain disc shape in a band around the outside |
|
|
Term
| where are the actin and myosin in the platlets located, what is their function |
|
Definition
| the haylomere, aggregation |
|
|
Term
| what is the open canicular system |
|
Definition
| system of interconnected membrane channels in continuity with the surface that alpha granules fuse to in platlets, move granular material out of the platlet |
|
|
Term
| what is the second most rare leukocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when looking under a microscope, what makes esinophils unique, what causes this |
|
Definition
| large shiny red shaded granules caused by major basic protein (crystaline core) of the granules |
|
|
Term
| in general, what do they hydrolytic enzymes of the esinophil do |
|
Definition
| modulate inflammation by down regulating it, calm down inflammation |
|
|
Term
| what does esinophil neurotoxin cause |
|
Definition
| neuro dysfunction in parasites |
|
|
Term
| which granual is the most numerous in esinophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most rare leukocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the nucleus of a basophil |
|
Definition
| multi loved, hidden by basophilic granules |
|
|
Term
| what leukocyte has metachromic granules, what does that mean |
|
Definition
| basophils, anionic granules with lots of heprain making it red/purple when dyed |
|
|
Term
| what type of receptors do basophils have, what do these play a role in |
|
Definition
| IgE receptors and helper T cells that play a role in immediate hypersensitivity (analyphalyxis) |
|
|
Term
| what is the second most numerous leukocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when a lymphocyte is in the blood, what activity state is it normally in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when a leukocyte goes into a tissue and finish their job |
|
Definition
| they can go back into the blood, this makes them unique, through the lymph to the venous system |
|
|
Term
| how long are monocytes in the blood for, after that where do they go, what major event happens |
|
Definition
| a very short time, then they go to the tissue and turn into a macrophage |
|
|
Term
| describe the cytoplasm of a monocyte |
|
Definition
| has granules and some vacules |
|
|
Term
| describe the nucleus of platlets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two layers of platlets |
|
Definition
| central granular zone and peripherial clear zone |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the central granular zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the peripherial clear zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the granulomere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when a platlet is activated |
|
Definition
| granulomere is activated and is let out of the cell via the canicular canal, the platlet changes shape becoming prickly and shiny making a platlet plug, it then can recruit other platlets and promote adhesion making a premature clot |
|
|
