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Definition
| Super resolution technique that utilizes photoswitchable fluorescent proteins and allows investigators to localize single fluorescent molecule with resolution of less than 20nm. |
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Definition
| Illimuniates the speciman with a bright background, suited for specimens of high contrast such as stained sections of tissue. |
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| Phase-Contrast Microscopy |
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Definition
| Increases visibility by converting differences in the refractive index of some parts of the specimen into differeces in light intensity. |
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| Transmission electron microscopy (TEMS) |
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Definition
| Uses electrons instead of light to form images and you get an increased amount of information at the subcellular level. |
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| Laser Scanning confocal microscopy |
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Definition
| Produces an image of a thin plane located within a much thicker specimen - a laser beam is used to examine planes at different depths in a specimen |
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Definition
| Coats a specimen with metal to produce a 3D effect - means to provide contrast in the electron microscope |
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Definition
| uses the refraction of light rays to magnify an object |
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| Phase-contrast microscopy |
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Definition
| increases visibility by converting differences in the refractive index of some parts of the specimen into differences in light intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses fluorochromes, compounds that release visibile light upon absorption of UV rays - stains cells and cause components to glow |
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| Yeast Two-Hybrid (Y2H) or co-immunoprecipitation |
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Definition
| tests for protein-protein interactions depending on a cell being able to put together two parts of a transcription factor. Must be a "bait" protein, an activation domain, and a DNA binding domain. |
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Definition
| the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed |
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Term
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Definition
| tool is useful for fractionation of nucleic acids after velocity sedimentation - based on the migration of proteins in an electric field through a gel matrix. Carried out in the presence of a charged detergent called sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) |
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Definition
| Separates proteins by molecular weight, among proteins of similar shape, the larger molecules are eluted before smaller moleucles |
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Definition
| Isolates one protein from a mixtures using a specific ligand; proteins interact with specific substances - enzymes with substrates |
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| Ion Exchange chromatography |
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Definition
| process that separates ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ionexchanger |
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Term
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Definition
| library that is created from mature mRNA froma eukaryotic cell with the use of reverse transcriptase |
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Definition
| Based upon DNA hybridization, transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization. |
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Definition
| Based upon RNA-DNA hybridization, technique that observese gene expression by detecting RNA |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| a technique to amplify specific DNA fragments, uses a very small amount of template, and can be used to quantify DNA or RNA template |
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Definition
| combine radiolabeling and specimen viewing |
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Definition
| when cells are obtained directly from the organism |
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Definition
| The number of substrate molecules converted to product per minute per enzyme molecule at Vmax |
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Definition
| A substrate concentration at half of the Vmax at saturation for an enxymatic reaction |
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Definition
| molecules move in response to centrifugal force based on size - expressed in S units (Svedberg) |
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| equilibrium centrifugation |
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Definition
| separates nucleic acids based on their buoyant density |
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Definition
| Viruses infect cells as part of their life cycle |
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Definition
| DNA can be added to cells artificially |
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Definition
| the gene whose role is being investigated after adding - can be added to cells in culture but also applied to whole organism |
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Definition
| a direct way to introduce foreign genes into a cell - injection of DNA directly into cell nucleus |
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Definition
| where a gene is eliminated from the genome - knockout mouse used as models of human disease |
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| role of antibodies in Immunofluorescence |
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Definition
| use a fluorescently labeled antibody that recognizes the specific protein to stain a fixed specimen of the cell that is viewed by fluorescence microscopy |
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Definition
| attraction between two differently charged atoms, weak in a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| noncovalent, has a partial positive charge when covalently bonded to an EN atom, weak attractive interactions and found between the two strands of DNA |
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