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| Transfer RNA - brings AAs to ribosomes to create polypeptide chains |
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| Physically moves tRNA (with an AA attached) to the ribosome. Uses GTP for energy. |
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| A protein responsible for phosphorylating GDP so that it becomes GTP. It is specific to the elongation cycle of translation (i.e., it provides energy for eEF1-alpha), so by blocking it, you can block all translational activity. |
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| A means of repressing translation by using specific proteins to bind the start site (5') of an mRNA, preventing elongation factors from binding. Example is Ferritin, which stores iron - in iron deficiency, IRP binds to IRE on Ferritin, and it isn't translated so free iron is available. |
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| The placement of a repressor protein on the 3' UTR of an mRNA which then changes the conformation of the mRNA and prevents translation |
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| The shortening of the poly-A tail on mRNA. This prevents translation. Common process in development, where certain mRNAs are "switched on" at some point by polyadenylation (adding A's to tail so that translation can begin). |
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| short RNA sequences specifically complementing other sequences. Pri-miRNA is cleaved by Drosha into pre-mRNA by removing the strand and leaving the stem-and-loop, and then Dicer cleaves that into two stems and a loop, and then it is bound to RISC. This unwinds miRNA and takes out one strand. This strand is taken by RISC to the target mRNA and then deadenylation occurs, and the mRNA is degraded. |
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| eukaryotic initiation factors (mediated binding of tRNA to ribosome) - these are phosphorylated when the cell is distressed or starving, preventing energy from going to translation. |
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| Binds to eIF4E and prevents elongation factors from binding to start translation. Phosphorylation of this promotes translation. |
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