Stated that cells come from other cells

Prokaryotes

(4 things)

-No nucleus

-Lacks most organelles

-Bacteria and archaea

-Appears first in Earth's fossil record

Where the DNA is held in a prokaryote

(not enclosed by a membrane)

Eukaryotes

(6 things)

-Nucleus

-contains many organelles

-Plants, animals, fungi, protista

-Some are single celled

-Some form multicellular organisms

-Organisms with eukaryotic cells appeared later in Earth's history

Plant cells

(4 things)

-Contains choroplasts

-Square/rectangular shape

-cell wall and cell membrane

-central vacuole

Animal Cell

(3 things)

-Irregular shape

-Cell membrane

-No cell wall

Organelle

(3 things)

-Mini organ

-Enclosed by membranes

-compartmentalization

Nucleus

(3 things)

-Large membrane enclosed structure

-contains most of the cells DNA

-Chromatin and Chromosomes

Cytoplasm

(2 things)

-Portion of the cell outside the nucleus

-Consists of various organelles suspended in a fluid

Mitochondrion

"Powerhouse of the cell"

(6 things)

-covert chemical energy into ATP

-energy currency of the cell

-enclosed by 2 membrane

-Enzymes&other molecules are embedded into the inner membrane

-Folds in the inner membrane increase the surface area where cellular respiration can occur

-Inherited from the cytoplasm of the egg

Smooth ER

(2 things)

-Lacks ribosomes

-Makes lipid components of the cell membrane

Rough ER

(3 things, 1 example)

-Synthesizes proteins for packaging in the Golgi and then export from the cell

-Vesicles carry proteins between compartments

-Has ribosomes on its surface that produce proteins that are inserted into the ER

(EXAMPLE: Salivary glands that secrete enzymes into your mouth  are rich in rough ER)

-Modifies, sorts and packages proteins for export

-Last stop before proteins are shipped out of the cell

-Series of flattened sacs

Lysosome

(4 things)

-Small organelles filled with digestive enzymes

-Digestion of lipids,carbs, and proteins in to smaller molecules than can be used by the rest of the cell

-Break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness

-Fuse with incoming food vacuoles and expose the nutrients to enzymes that digest them

Ribosomes

(4 things)

-Make proeins by translating the genetic code

-made of proteins&nucleic acid (rRNA)

-Found throughout the cytoplasm and attached to the ER

-Proteins made on the rough ER ribosomes are destined for transport out of the cell

Central Vacuole in Plants

(4 things)

-Stores liquid to maintain pressure

-Stores chemicals such as salts and contributes to plant growth by absorbing water and causing cells to expand

-The ones in flower pedals may contain colorful pigments that attract pollinating insects

-In leaf cells, they may contain poisons that protect against plant-eating animals

Cell Wall

(4 things)

-Most are porous enough to allow gases and water through

-Provides support and protection

-Most are made of fibers of carbs and protein that are produced within the cell and then released

-cellulose

Chloroplast

(4 things)

-Plants and algae(photosynthesis)

-2 membranes enclose the chloroplasts

-Capture light energy and convert into chemical energy(glucose)

-Contain the pigment Chlorophyll

Cytoskeleton

(5 things)

-Supporting structure

-Transportation System

-Network of protein filaments ,microfilaments,microtubles

-Helps a cell maintain its shape

-Helps the cell move

Microfilaments

(3 things)

-Threadlike structures

-Made of a protein called actin

-For a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell

Microtubles

(5 things)

-Hollow tube

-Made of proteins called tubulins

-Help to build projections from the cell(cilia,flagella)

-Form the mitotic spindle in cell division

-Form centrioles used in cell division

Cilia(Cilium)

(4 things, 1 example)

-Shorter and more numerous than flagella

-Contain bundles of microtubles

-Back and forth motion

-Can also extend our from stationary cells

EXAMPLE:Cells lining your windpipe have cilia that sweep mucas with trapped debris out of your lungs. This sweeping action helps keep you respiratory system clean and allows air to flow through it.

Extracellular Matrix

(3 things)

-Cement that connects cells

-Specialized structures like the insect exoskeleton,vertebrate skeleton, and moluscan shells are modified extracellualr matrices

-Components are synthesized within the  cell and secreted

Endosymbiotic Theory

(remember evidence!)(5)

Mitochondria and chloroplast are descendents of anicent prokaryotes

Evidence:

-Contain their DNA(mtDNA) and ribosomes

-Their ribosomes are the same size and type as prokayotic ribosomes

-They contain a double membrane

-Most genes required for synthesis of mitochondrial proteins are located in the nucleus

-Mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) is also required for mitochondrial biogenesis

Ficilitated Diffusion

(4 things)

-Protein channels allow certain substances to pass through

-Substances diffuse through the channel with the concentration gradient (Hi to low)

-Channels can be specific for ions sugar,salt,or another substance

-Does not require ATP(energy)

Example: Red blood cells have a protein channel for glucose only

Active Transport

(4 things)

-Protein transporters(pumps) are needed

-Usually the protein changes shape in the process (conformational change)

-Energy is required(ATP)

-Molecules(calcium,potassium,sodium) can move from low to high concentration

Sodium Potassium Pump

(4 things)

-Muscle contraction, Nerve impulses sent

-3:2 ratio

-Resting State: 3 Sodium out  2 Potassium in

-Action State: 3 sodium in      2 Potassium out

Plasma Membrane(cell membrane)

(3 things)

-Boundary of the cell

-Phospholipids bilayer

-Selective membrane that allwos only certain substances into the cell

Osmosis

(2 things) (3 preventions)

-Diffusion of water through a semipermeable

-Osmotic pressure can destroy cells

-3 things to prevent this are

               1. cell wall

               2. pumping water

               3.bathing blood cells in blood

Diffusion

(3 things)

-Passive transport-no energy expended

-Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

-Movement from one side of a membrane to another un-facilitated

Hypotonic Solution

(osmotic condition)

(2 things)

-Solute outside is lower than inside the cell

Water moves into the cell=CELL BURSTS

Hypertonic Solution

(osmotic condition)

(2 things)

-Solute outside is greater than inside the cell

Water leaves the cell=CELL SHRINKS

Isotonic

(osmotic condition)

(2 things)

-Both the solution and the cell have the same concentrations

EQUILIBRIUM is achieved

Actions of a Sodium-Potassium Pump

(6 things)

(PUT IN ORDER)

1.Three sodium ions(Na+) bind to the sod. pot. pump

2.ATP phosphorylates the pump and is converted to ADP

3.Pump changes shape and released 3 sodium ions(Na+) outside the cell

4.Two potassium ions(K+) bind to the pump

5.K+ binding triggers the release of the phosphate and the pump reverts back to its original shape

6.Two potassium ions(Na+) are released inside the cell

1.Na+ (sodium)

2.K+ (potassium)

3.Na+ (sodium)

4.K+ (potassium)

Secondary Active Transport

(3 things)

(3 "ports")

-No ATP is used

-Transport is coupled to an electrochemical gradient

-3 types:

UNIPORT=single solute in;one direction

SYMPORT=2 solutes simultaneously;same direction

ANTIPORT=1 solute in& 1 solute out;opposite directions

Endocytosis

(5 things)

-Taking things into the cell by folding of the cell membrane

-the infloding closes and breaks off the cell membrane forming a vacuoleorvesicle

-Clumps of food or even whole cells may be taken in this way

-Called phagocytosis when particles are very large

-Called pinocytosis when the pockets are very tiny

Exocytosis

(3 things)

-the membrane of a vacuole of vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, forcing its contents outside the cell

-Cells use energy to expel material

-Vesicles are carried throughout the cell by motor proteins moving on cytoskeletal tracks

Phagocytosis "cell eating"

(3 things)

-Extensions of the cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles

-Amoebas use this process to take in food and other materials

-Humans have a type of white blood cells called a phagocyte that uses phagocytosis to engulf foreign bacteria and viruses