Term
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Definition
| a sequence on the bacterial chromosome where proteins bind to INITIATE replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| The site where the parent strand is being unwound as the new strand is being polymerized is called the |
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Term
| The two chromosomes must be _______ before cell division. |
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Definition
| detached from one another |
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Term
| enzymes that relieve supercoiled tension in DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Supercoils, Replication Complex |
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Definition
| Unwinding the Double Helix Produces ________ Ahead of the __________ |
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Term
| DNA Gyrase, replication complex, supercoiled DNA |
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Definition
| moves along the DNA ahead of the ________ and cuts and ligates _______ to relieve the strain on the molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA polymerases require_______ in order to synthesize a new strand of DNA |
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Term
| add nucleotides to a free 3’ hydroxyl group. |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase cannot initiate replication, it can only _____________ |
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Term
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Definition
| a short sequence of DNA or RNA that binds to another strand of DNA and provides a starting point for DNA polymerization. |
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Term
| 5'->3' direction on each strand |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| leading strand is synthesized______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Lagging strand is ________ |
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Term
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Definition
| The Okazaki fragments are joined together by |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesizes a short RNA primer near the replication fork |
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Term
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Definition
| begins nucleotides to the free 3’-OH |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes which separate the double stranded DNA. Encircles the lagging strand. |
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Term
| Singe Stranded Binding Protein (SSB) |
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Definition
| prevents the separated strands from re-annealing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primase associates with DNA helicase to form |
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Term
| the DNA Pol on the lagging strand can move in succession with the DNA Pol on the leading strand. |
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Definition
| The lagging strand is looped so that |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that prevents DNA Pol from disassociating – enables high processivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| binds PCNA loads B clamp and allows dna poly to bind |
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Term
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Definition
| holds the two DNA Pols together – also required for high processivity. |
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Term
| 3’5’ exonuclease activity of DNA Pol. |
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Definition
| The incorrectly paired nucleotide is removed by the |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukaryotic chromosomes are replicated in small regions called |
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Term
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Definition
| Dna replication occurs at what phase of cell cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Regions with ________ are the first to be replicated |
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Term
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Definition
| The Pre replication complex forms during which phase of the cell cycle? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (mini chromosome maintenance) proteins; helicase activity |
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Term
| CDK (cyclin dependent kinase) |
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Definition
| "go" signal that starts DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| locations within the nucleus where replication takes place. Each spot contains about 40 replication forks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wound Around Histones Immediately |
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Term
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Definition
| lesions formed by UV Radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed by Nucleotide Excision Repair |
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Term
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Definition
| recognizes bulge in euchromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| form a bulge on the chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| The DNA strands are separated around the dimer by |
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Term
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Definition
| the phosphodiester bonds are broken in a section of the DNA around the dimer by XPG and XPF |
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Term
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Definition
| which scans the chromosome and binds to the dimer |
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Term
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Definition
| affected individuals have mutations in genes involved in NER and cannot repair pyrimidine dimers. |
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Term
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Definition
| removes the damaged nitrogenous base leaving the phosphodiester bond intact. |
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Term
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Definition
| model organism for cell cycle |
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Term
| cdk's (cyclin dependent kinases) |
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Definition
| the cell cycle is controlled by |
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Term
| Transitions in the cell cycle |
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Definition
| The Cdks Swap Cyclins to Control |
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Term
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Definition
| two major transition points in cell cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Cdk4 and Cdk6 phosphorylates |
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Term
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Definition
| is inhibited by phosphorylation and releases the transcription factor EF2 |
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Term
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Definition
| activates transcription of many genes |
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Term
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Definition
| enable the cell cycle to progress |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes entry into S phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| required for S phase and passage into G2. |
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Term
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Definition
| is required for entry into M phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| CDK1 will phosphorylate________ which causes them to dissociate and the nuclear envelope breaks down |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to DNA damage in cell cycle. stops the cycle for checkpoints |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecular sensors that can stop the cell cycle due to radiation by UV or infarred |
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Term
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Definition
| creates regions of ssDNA which attracts ATR |
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Term
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Definition
| begins a phosphorylation cascade that ultimately inhibits_______ |
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Term
| Cohesin (Complex of I and II) |
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Definition
| holds replicated sister chromatids together. A target of Cdks. |
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Term
| Condensin (complexes of SMC proteins) |
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Definition
| forms rings around supercoiled DNA and promotes compaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| topoisomerase II, condensin, cohesion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protein structure which binds to the centromere of each chromatid. an Activity center. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains motor proteins required for chromosome separation. involved in the mitotic checkpoint. microtubules attach here. |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to the centromeric heterochromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| site at which fibrous corona bind motor proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes depolymerization of microtubule near kinechore region. protein of the outer plate of the kinechore. |
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Term
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Definition
| microtubule organizing centers. Duplicated when DNA replication begins. (when cyclin E is phosphorylated) |
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Term
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Definition
| from centrosome to cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| extend from centrosome to kinechore. |
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Term
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Definition
| from centrosome to just past the chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphorylation of these cause dissociation of the Nuclear envelope |
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Term
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Definition
| NEBD- Nuclear envelope breakdown signals |
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Term
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Definition
| binds microtubles and Dam1 complex (Ska=human) |
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Term
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Definition
| Dam1::Ndc80 interacts with centromere via |
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Term
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Definition
| is part of the nucleosome |
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Term
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Definition
| is part of inner kinetochore |
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Term
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Definition
| GDP binding protein which inserts into the plasma membrane via myristoyl anchor. |
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Term
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Definition
| motor proteins bind microtubules and the membrane complex |
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Term
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Definition
| The pushing and pulling in an attempt to align chromosomes on the metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| large protein complexes that ubiquitinate other proteins. Proteins with ubiquitin are sent to the proteasome for degradation. |
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Term
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Definition
| target proteins that promote mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| has different targets depending on its helpers. only active at anaphase. can target proteins that inhibit anaphase. lets anaphase occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| ubiquitinates proteins that inhibit exit from mitosis (allows exit when active |
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Term
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Definition
| ubiquitinates proteins that inhibit anaphase (allows anaphase to occur when active). |
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Term
| To make sure all of the cyclin cdks that promote mitosis are degraded. |
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Definition
| Why does APC stay active through G1? |
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Term
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Definition
| an anaphase inhibitor which is ubiquitinated by APC-Cdc20. secures separase |
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Term
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Definition
| cleaves cohesin and allows sister chromatids to separate – which marks the beginning of _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| ubiquitinates mitotic cyclins which allows for exit from mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| bound to kinetochore proteins - Delays anaphase until all chromosomes are on the metaphase plate. |
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Term
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Definition
| tublin monomers are added to ____ that elongate during anaphase |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell quickly destroys all mitotic proteins and structures and returns to interphase conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used when Theres UV radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for ionizing radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Some of the microtubules of the spindle remain briefly as a bridge between the daughter cells – called a |
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Term
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Definition
| when the cleavage furrow severs the midbody |
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Term
| site of the metaphase plate, perpendicular to the direction of chromosome separation. |
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Definition
| The plasma membrane invaginates at the |
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Term
| a ring of actin and bipolar myosin II (similar to thick filaments in sarcomere)– Contractile Ring |
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Definition
| The cleavage furrow is initiated by |
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Term
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Definition
| motor which brings the actin filaments closer together, thereby contracting the ring and eventually pinching off the daughter cells from each other. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protease with cysteine in active site; target proteins at aspartic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Release of cytochrome C from mitochondria induces |
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Term
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Definition
| anti-apoptotic (on mitochondrial membrane.) |
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Term
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Definition
| pro-apoptotic, cytoplasmic. transcribed by p53 |
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Term
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Definition
| it translocates to mitochondrion, displaces Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL…. Pores form in mt – release CytC. |
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Term
| Autocrine Signaling Pathway |
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Definition
The cell signals itself.
Cell releases and receives the chemical messenger. |
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Term
| Paracrine Signaling Pathway |
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Definition
The cells signals other nearby cells.
May be the same or different cell type. |
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Term
| Endocrine Signaling Pathway |
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Definition
Cells signal other cells that are far away.
Chemical messenger is released to the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that are in close association with the cytoplasmic domains of the TM receptors. They are usually enzymes that produce a mobile molecule – the second messenger that activates (or deactivates) another molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| become an assembly center |
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Term
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Definition
| converts ATP to cyclic AMP (the second messenger). This is an effector molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| makes the G protein Active |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Internalization of the Receptor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| releases the DAG (Diacylglycerol) from the phosphate group |
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Term
| The phosphorylated inositols |
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Definition
| binding sites for proteins with PH domains. |
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Term
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Definition
| act as scaffold proteins holding PKA and iits substrate together |
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Term
| GAPs (GTPase-activating proteins |
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Definition
| accelerate the GTPase activity |
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Term
| GEFs (guanine nucleotide-exchange factors) |
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Definition
| facilitate the release of GDP allowing a new GTP to bind and activate the G-protein. |
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Term
| GDIs (guanine nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors) |
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Definition
| prevent GDP release - signaling pathway remains “off.” |
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Term
| hydroxyl group of side chain |
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Definition
| phosphate is added onto the |
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Term
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Definition
| when multiple pathways can affect a molecule at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| when the phenotypes are the same from two different disorders..different initial proteins are triggered. |
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Term
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Definition
| the new tumors caused by cancer cells that broke away from the malignant tumor. |
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Term
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Definition
| the cancer cells spread to another part of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclei are often large – due to abnormal chromatin structure and cell division (mutinucleate cells). |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes, that when altered, lead to the cell becoming cancerous DOMINANT |
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Term
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Definition
Genes that code for proteins that normally shut off the cell cycle at the appropriate time.
Identified in cell fusion experiments in which normal cells fused with cancer cells produced non-cancerous cells.
Therefore the normal cells contained a gene product that “suppressed” the cancer phenotype.
RECESSIVE |
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Term
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Definition
Two spontaneous mutations in the RB gene are required for cancerous growth.
Statistically rare. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person inherits one mutated RB gene and becomes homozygous for RB mutations due to a spontaneous DNA change. Individual inherits and increase probability of developing cancerous growths. |
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Term
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Definition
| a transcription factor and integration point for signaling pathways. |
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Term
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Definition
| suppress transcription of several genes required for the cell to transition from the G1 to the S phases of the cell cycle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| activates transcription of p21 resulting in cell cycle arrest which allows time for DNA repair. |
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Term
| Are Resistant to Chemotheraputic Drugs |
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Definition
| Cells Without p53 Function |
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Term
| makes tumor cells very difficult to kill |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| development of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| makes treating cancer hard |
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Term
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Definition
| A Suppressor of Tumors in Colon Epithelia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| that removes phosphates from serines and threonines and stops the signaling cascade. |
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Term
| Transcription, survival, protein synthesis, movement, cell death, metabolic change |
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Definition
| possible outcomes of cell pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| binds the g protein (ras) to the rtk. have multiple protein binding domains. |
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Term
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Definition
| translocates to the nucleus after becoming phosphorylated by RTK and participates in activation of genes involved in the immune response. |
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Definition
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