Term
| Which junctions are calcium-dependent: adherins, desmosomes, actin-linked adhesion, hemidesmosome (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Adherins, 2) actin-linked adhesion |
|
|
Term
| Which junctions are magnesium-dependent: adherins, desmosomes, actin-linked adhesion, hemidesmosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which junctions use cadherins & catenins: adherins, desmosomes, actin-linked adhesion, hemidesmosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which junctions use integrins: adherins, desmosomes, actin-linked adhesion, hemidesmosome (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Actin-linked adhesions, 2) hemidesmosomes (α6β4 specifically) |
|
|
Term
| Which junctions use desmoglein & desmocollin: adherins, desmosomes, actin-linked adhesion, hemidesmosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which junctions use talin & vinculin: adherins, desmosomes, actin-linked adhesion, hemidesmosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which junctions bind to intermediate filaments: adherins, desmosomes, actin-linked adhesion, hemidesmosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which junctions bind to keratins: adherins, desmosomes, actin-linked adhesion, hemidesmosome (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Desmosomes, 2) hemidesmosomes |
|
|
Term
| Which junctions bind to actin: adherins, desmosomes, actin-linked adhesion, hemidesmosome (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Adherins, 2) actin-linked adhesion |
|
|
Term
| Which junctions use dystonin & plectin: adherins, desmosomes, actin-linked adhesion, hemidesmosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemidesmosome: what cells bind to keratins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemidesmosome: what cells bind to desmin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of anchoring junctions (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Cell-cell, 2) cell-matrix |
|
|
Term
| Types of cell-cell anchoring junctions (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Adherins, 2) desmosomes |
|
|
Term
| Types of cell-matrix anchoring junctions (2) |
|
Definition
| 2) Actin-linked adhesions, 2) hemidesmosomes |
|
|
Term
| Adhesins junctions are what kind of junction (type and subtype) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desmosomes are what kind of junction (type and subtype) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Actin-linked adhesions are what kind of junction (type and subtype) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemidesmosomes are what kind of junction (type and subtype) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Anchoring, 2) occluding, 3) channel-forming, 4) signal-relaying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which junction type forms a barrier between cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which junction type forms a barrier for membrane proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occluding junctions are barriers against what (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Movement of stuff between cells, 2) movement of proteins in membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does occluding junctions prevent paracellular transport |
|
Definition
| Blocks any transfer between cells |
|
|
Term
| How does occluding junctions prevent transcellular transport |
|
Definition
| Separates plasma membrane and prevents membrane proteins from crossing |
|
|
Term
| Describe structural characteristics of chennel-forming junctions |
|
Definition
| Hexamers: hetero- or homo-hexamers |
|
|
Term
| What proteins are used in channel-forming junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hexamer of connexins is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connexons couple cells in what ways (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Electrically, 2) metabolically |
|
|
Term
| Size of molecules through connexons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signal-relaying junctions used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signal-relaying junctions use what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signal-relaying junctions connect to what intracellularly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are cadherins homophilic or heterophilic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are cadherins important for development |
|
Definition
| Homophilic nature permits mixed cells to find each other and aggergate |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial-mesenchymal transition due to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cadherins dependent on what cofactors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Selectins dependent on what cofactors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Selectins homophilic or heterophilic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte trafficking (weak adhesion & rolling) mediated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte strong adhesion mediated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extravasation of leukocytes & T-cells mediated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immunoglobin superfamily dependent on what cofactors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immunoglobin superfamily homophilic or heterophilic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of immunoglobin superfamily |
|
Definition
| N-CAM (neural-cell adhesion molecule) |
|
|
Term
| Invagination of cells due to what junction type and the arrangment of that junction is called |
|
Definition
| Adherins junctions form an adhesion belt |
|
|
Term
| Desmosomes impart what structural characteristic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desmosomes attach to where on intermediate filaments: ends or middle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemidesmosomes attach to where on intermediate filaments: ends or middle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Integrins homodimers or heterodimers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Integrins dependent on what cofactors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outside-in and inside-out modulation relates to what junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemidesmosomes connect to what in ECM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects hemidesmosomes to collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which junction type confers cell polarity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmembrane proteins of occluding junctions use what (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Claudins, 2) occludins |
|
|
Term
| Which are used for movement & signalling: adherins, desmosomes, actin-linked adhesion, hemidesmosome (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Adherins, 2) actin-linked adhesions |
|
|
Term
| Which are used for mechanical integrity: adherins, desmosomes, actin-linked adhesion, hemidesmosome (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Desmosomes, 2) hemidesmosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies against desmogleins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Detachment of epidermal basal cells from basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| Epidermolysis bullosa subtypes (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, 2) epidermolysis bullosajunctional |
|
|
Term
| Epidermolysis bullosa simplex due to what proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epidermolysis bullosa junctional due to what proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infertility (junctional cause) |
|
Definition
| Connexin 37 (Cx37) that would be used between ooctye & granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
| Inflammation involves what cell types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which leukocytes use antigens (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which leukocytes utilize phagocytosis (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Neutrophils, 2) monocytes |
|
|
Term
| Which leukocyte is involved in acute inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which leukocytes are involved in chronic inflammation (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in circulatory system do leukocytes leave? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of adhesion by leukocytes (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loose adhesion mediated by what protein family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Firm adhesion mediated by what protein family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Selectins mediate what adhesion: loose or firm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Integrins mediate what adhesion: loose or firm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytokines induce what protein family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemokines induce what protein family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P-selectins: what is the P |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| E-selectins: what is the E |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| L-selectins: what is the L |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What aspects of L-select mediate loose adhesion & rolling (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) High kinetics, 2) low affinity |
|
|
Term
| Specific integrins on leukocytes (3; names) |
|
Definition
| 1) MAC-1, 2) LFA-1, 3) VLA-4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MAC-1 is a dimer of what integrins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LFA-1 is a dimer of what integrins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VLA-4 is a dimer of what integrins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of leukocytes does what |
|
Definition
| 1) Upregulates integrins, 2) chemokines converts integrin to high-affinity state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MAC-1, LFA-1, and VLA-4 binds to what superfamily |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IL-8 and TNFα are examples of what class |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytokines induce what family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Basal lamina, 2) connective tissue matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Proteins, 2) polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basal lamina usually lies where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basal lamina: sheet or fibrous network |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basal lamina proteins (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Laminins, 2) type IV collagen, 3) perlecan, 4) nidogen |
|
|
Term
| Basal lamina functions (8) |
|
Definition
| 1) Cell polarity, 2) mechanical stability, 3) tissue barrier, 4) selective filter, 5) organize ECM proteins, 6) promote cell survival/proliferation/differentiation, 7) cell migration, 8) muscle regeneration |
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue matrix composed by (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Glycosaminoglycans, 2) proteoglycans, 3) collagens, 4) elastin, 5) fibronectin |
|
|
Term
| Main types of glycosaminoglycans (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Hyaluronan, 2) chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, 3) heparan sulfate, 4) keratin sulfate |
|
|
Term
| Which glycosaminoglycan is not sulfated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycosaminoglycans resists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glcyosaminoglycans sulfation attracts what and leads to |
|
Definition
| Attracts sodium & water → swelling |
|
|
Term
| Glycosaminoglycans have what polymer structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein core with GAG's linked to it |
|
|
Term
| GAG's linked into what other fibrous structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GAG linked to protein core through what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GAG linked to protein core by what AA residue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteoglycans that regulate cell signaling |
|
|
Term
| Most abundant proteins in mammals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collagens rich in what AA residues (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Gly, 2) Pro, 3) HYP (hydroxyproline) |
|
|
Term
| Where is collagen assembly performed |
|
Definition
| Extracellularly after cleaving peptide |
|
|
Term
| Collagens crosslinked at what residues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basic unit of collagens: fibrils or fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bundles of collagens: fibrils or fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial infeciton of skin and subcutaneous tissue |
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, type 1 |
|
Definition
| Lack of β2 integrin: no adhesion, no transvasation; poor wound healing; still have α4β1 |
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, type 2 |
|
Definition
| Dysfunctional L-selectin: decreased rolling; less severe than type 1; still have E- and P-selectins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disruption of myocyte/ECM complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defect in type I collagen: weak bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defect in type II collagen: defective cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV |
|
Definition
| Defect in type III collagen: weak blood vessesl & organs → rupture |
|
|
Term
| Cross-linked elastin forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastic fibers are good because they can |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastins rich in what AA residues (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastins have absence of what AA residuces (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Hydroxyproline, 2) hydroxylysine |
|
|
Term
| Which has hydroxyproline: collagen or elastin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastins are glycosylated: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What limits elastic fibers from stretching too far and breaking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastins crosslinked at what residues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastin assembly promoted by what protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aorta is __% elastin by weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of fibronectins (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Attachment to ECM, 2) cell migration, 3) development, 4) wound healing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Duchenne, 2) Becker, 3) Emery-Dreifuss |
|
|
Term
| Becker: more or less severe than Duchenne |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Duchenne: elevated CK: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Duchenne: primary cause of death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Becker: earlier or later age of onset than Duchenne |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limb Girdle: autosomal dominant or recessive |
|
Definition
| Both, but most types are recessive |
|
|
Term
| Limb Girdle: elevated CK: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limb Girdle: what part of the DG complex is affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Duchenne: what part of the DG complex is affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Becker: what part of the DG complex is affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most prevalent mutation in limb girdle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Severe childhood: autosomal dominant or recessive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Severe childhood: elevated CK: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severe childhood (SCARMD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fukuyama is a type of what MD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Walker-Warburg is a type of what MD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle-eye-brain is a type of what MD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DG complex consists of what components (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Dystrophin, 2) dystroglycan, 3) sarcoglycan, 4) sarcospan, 5) syntrophins |
|
|
Term
| Domains of dystrophin (4; N- to C-terminus) |
|
Definition
| 1) F-actin binding, 2) Spectrin/α-actinin, 3) cysteine-rich, 4) akyrin-like |
|
|
Term
| Dystrophin: F-actin binding domain at which terminus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dystrophin: spectrin/α-actinin-like domain has what structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dystrophin: akyrin-like binding domain at which terminus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of DG complex (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Mechanically tie actin to ECM, 2) contains membrane damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevent loss of regenerative capacity to prevent fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| MD treatment: gene transfer |
|
Definition
| Replace what was lost to restore functionality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structurally similar to dystrophin |
|
|
Term
| MD treatment: exon skipping |
|
Definition
| Convert DMD to BMD (less severe) |
|
|
Term
| MD treatment: premature STOP skipping |
|
Definition
| Avoid truncation and loss of protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not effective for all MD's; unsure how it works (inhibits inflammation?) |
|
|
Term
| MD treatment: albuterol/clembuterol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MD treatment: myostatin inhibition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phases are defined by a particular activity: G1, G0, S, G2, M |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phases are NOT defined by a particular activity: G1, G0, S, G2, M |
|
Definition
| Gaps between phases: 1) G0, 2) G1, 3) G2 |
|
|
Term
| Which phase has DNA synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase is from end of M to start of S |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase is from end of S to start of M |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase are senescent cells in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kayokinesis in which phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytokinesis in which phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase has a highly variable time period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myostatin inhibts what process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myostatin may be useful to treat what (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) MD, 2) aging, 3) cancer, 4) AIDS |
|
|
Term
| The more divisions an organism's fibroblasts undergo: shorter or longer lifespan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitotic apparatus consists of (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Spindle microtubules, 2) centrosome, 3) kinetochores |
|
|
Term
| Types of spindle microtubules (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Astral, 2) kinetochore, 3) interpolar |
|
|
Term
| Which spindle microtubule is used during anaphase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which spindle microtubule is used to separate chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Centrosomes consists of (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Centriole pair, 2) jelly-like pericentriolar material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attach kinetochore microtubule to centromere of chromatids |
|
|
Term
| Centriole pair called this after migration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Prophase, 2) prometaphase, 3) metaphase, 4) anaphase, 5) telophase, 6) cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
| M phase: which phase is mitotic apparatus formed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M phase: which phase when centrioles become spindole poles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What event defines the end of prophase |
|
Definition
| Disappearance of nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
| Activation of what is required to enter mitosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inactivation of what is required to leave mitosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| M-Cdk = Cdk + mitotic cyclin |
|
|
Term
| Phosphorylation sites of M-Cdk (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Activating, 2) inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| Which phosphorylation site of M-Cdk is dominant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Final phorylation step that activates M-Cdk |
|
Definition
| Removal of inhibitory phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What M-Cdk activation step is a positive-feedback |
|
Definition
| Removal of inhibitory phosphate → activates phosphatase to activate M-Cdk |
|
|
Term
| What happens during prometaphase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What event defines the end of prometaphase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Free kinetochores block inactivation of M-Cdk |
|
|
Term
| Colchicine arrests in metaphase how |
|
Definition
| Keeps kinetochores from attaching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) CDC20 (becomes a subunit of APC), 2) M-Cdk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M phase: which phase are cohesins cleaved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cleavage of securin/separase promoted by |
|
Definition
| Separase itself (positive feedback) |
|
|
Term
| During anaphase, APC activity is lost how |
|
Definition
| Loss of M-Cdk no longer phosphorylating APC to keep it active |
|
|
Term
| Review: nuclear lamins disassemble when phosphorylated or not |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Reassembly of nuclear envelope, 2) decondensation of chromatin |
|
|
Term
| Cytokinesis accomplished by what action |
|
Definition
| Contraction of actin/myosin ring between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) G1/S, 2) G2/M, 3) metaphase-to-anaphase transition |
|
|
Term
| What does the G1/S checkpoint do |
|
Definition
| Environment favorable to enter cell cycle |
|
|
Term
| What does the G2/M checkpoint do |
|
Definition
| Check that DNA is replicated |
|
|
Term
| What does the metaphase checkpoint do |
|
Definition
| Ensure all chromosomes are connected to spindles |
|
|
Term
| What phosphorylates nuclear lamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phosphorylates codensins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phosphorylates spindle microtubles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phosphorylates CDC25 phosphatase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Premature aging with DNA helicase mutations, short telomeres, & chromosome instability |
|
|
Term
| Cancer [specifically about p53 on DNA] |
|
Definition
| Many cancers have p53 mutations, which leads to failure to ensure DNA is intact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutation in kinase of p53 → p53 not activated; neurodegeneration |
|
|
Term
| Which is programmed cell death: necrosis or apoptosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is non-programmed cell death: necrosis or apoptosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has loss of membrane integrity: necrosis or apoptosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is pathological and often in response to trauma/injury: necrosis or apoptosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has release of cytoplasmic contents: necrosis or apoptosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which does not ever require new gene expression: necrosis or apoptosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which often requires new gene expression: necrosis or apoptosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is physioogical: necrosis or apoptosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of apoptosis (6) |
|
Definition
| 1) Loss of neurons, 2) webbing between fingers, 3) tails, 4) outer layers of skin, 5) endometrium, 6) intestinal microvilli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apoptosis does what to the plasma membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General, big-picture features of apoptosis (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Condensation [nucleus, cytoplasm], 2) fragmentation [DNA, cell] |
|
|
Term
| Apoptosis causes what to change membrane leaflets, and what does it |
|
Definition
| Phosphatidylserine by flipase |
|
|
Term
| Triggers of apoptosis (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) BMP's, 2) glucocorticoids on T cells, 3) cell damage (radiation, toxins, viruses), 4) withdrawal of groth factors or hormones, 5) chemotherapies |
|
|
Term
| Which is apoptotic: Bcl2 or Bax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is anti-apoptotic: Bcl2 or Bax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic pathway of caspase regulation (5 steps) |
|
Definition
| 1) Mito. releases cytochrome c, 2) Apaf-1, 3) apoptosome, 4) apoptosome recruits caspase-9, 5) caspase cascade |
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|
Term
| Bax activates which pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bax does what when activated |
|
Definition
| Dimerizes to form pore and leaks cytochrome c |
|
|
Term
| How is "caspase," the word, derived |
|
Definition
| Cysteiene ASpartyle-ProteASE |
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic pathway of caspase regulation (3 steps) |
|
Definition
| 1) Fas receptor activated by fas ligand, 2) caspase-8 activated, 3) caspase cascade |
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic pathway feedbacks how |
|
Definition
| Caspase-9 inhibits Bcls and activates Bax |
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic pathway feedbacks how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cancer [specifically about p53 and apoptosis] |
|
Definition
| Loss of induction of apoptosis and loss of overriding of MYC proliferation signal |
|
|
Term
| Cancer [specifically about Bcl2] |
|
Definition
| Over-expression leads to chemotherapy resistance (e.g., cisplatin) |
|
|
Term
| Autoimmune [specifically about Fas] |
|
Definition
| Increased autoimmune disease in mice |
|
|
Term
| Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Systemic lupus erythematosus |
|
Definition
| Defective Fas receptor; soluble form of receptor sequesters Fas ligand |
|
|
Term
| Neurodegenerative disorders [specifically about NGF] |
|
Definition
| NGF blocks translocation of Bax to mitochondria; therapy target? |
|
|
Term
| Self-reacting T cells and B cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NGF blocks Bax translocation to mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease of clonal mutants prospering at expense of neighboring cells |
|
|
Term
| Cancer development can be described as a |
|
Definition
| Microevolutionary process |
|
|
Term
| Mutations in a cance to cause cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two key properties that fall out of the definition of cancer |
|
Definition
| 1) Mutant clones, 2) detrimental [to the body] growth |
|
|
Term
| Properties of cancerous cells (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Genetic instability, 2) defective cell death control, 3) defective differentiation control, 4) avoids replicative senescence, 5) metastasis |
|
|
Term
| Cancer stem cell hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Cancer caused by a few stem cells |
|
|
Term
| Supporting bits for the cancer stem cell hypothesis (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Cancer heterogeneity explained from differentiation, 2) stem cells exist for a long time and can accumulate mutations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Need support of surrounding cells to proliferate |
|
|
Term
| Microenvironment properties (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Contributes to cancer progression, 2) inflammation, 3) immune response, 4) epithelial-stromal interactions |
|
|
Term
| Gain of function: oncogenes or tumor suppressors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of function: oncogenes or tumor suppressors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bcl2: oncogenes or tumor suppressors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rb: oncogenes or tumor suppressors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| p53: oncogenes or tumor suppressors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human papiloma virus affects what tumor suppressors (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human papiloma virus oncoprotein binds to p53 and what happens |
|
Definition
| Inactivates p53 and permits p21 transcription |
|
|
Term
| Human papiloma virus oncoprotein binds to Rb and what happens |
|
Definition
| Permits cyclin E transcription |
|
|
Term
| A tumor suppressor inhibits some protein, is that protein an oncogene or a tumor suppressor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An oncogene inhibits some protein, is that protein an oncogene or a tumor suppressor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rb normally does what [regarding transcription] |
|
Definition
| Binds to gene regulatory unit and blocks transcription of cyclin E |
|
|
Term
| p53 normally does what [regarding transcription] |
|
Definition
| Active p53 blocks p21 transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disrupted metabolism in cancers → reliance on glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| What pathway [not glycolysis] is disrupted under the Warburg effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cancer cells need what DNA-related protein that normal cells do not |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loco-regional metastasis through what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distant metastasis through what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Loco-regional, 2) distant |
|
|
Term
| Examples of distant metastatic sites (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Blood, 2) liver, 3) lung, 4) brain, 5) opposite breast |
|
|
Term
| Examples of loco-regional metastatic sites (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Path along lymph drainage, 2) skin |
|
|
Term
| Angiogenesis controlled by (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Inhibitors, 2) activators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should anti-VEGF be given prior to cancer chemotherapy |
|
Definition
| Normalize vasculature of tumor to better deliver chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
| Metastasis cascade (8 steps) |
|
Definition
| 1) Angiogenesis, 2) invasion, 3) intravasation, 4) survival in circulation, 5) lodgment in capillary, 6) extravasation, 7) survival & growth, 8) angiogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics needed for invasion/invasation (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Loss of cell-cell contact, 2) altered ECM adhesion, 3) enhanced motility, 4) enhanced secretion of matrix metalloproteases |
|
|
Term
| Invasion/invasation: loss of normal cell-cell contact through what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Invasion/invasation: altered ECM adhesion through what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Matrix metallosproteases do what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelial-mesenchymal transition |
|
Definition
| When cells loose their epithelial characteristics and become invasive/invasative |
|
|
Term
| Part of metastasis cascade that has the least known about it |
|
Definition
| Circulation survival, extravasation, and secondary growth [black box in the lecture notes] |
|
|
Term
| Examples of traditional cancer treatments (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Radiotherapy, 2) chemotherapy, 3) surgery |
|
|
Term
| Examples of targeted/personalized treatments (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medullary thyroid cancer, is of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone do parafollicular cells make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does calcitonin do (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Inhibit bone resorption, 2) increased renal secretion of calcium |
|
|
Term
| Is calcitonin essential: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pentagastrin stimulating test |
|
|
Term
| Pentagastrin stimulating test |
|
Definition
| Synthetic gastrin → secretion of calcitonin |
|
|
Term
| __% cases of MTC are sporadic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) MTC only, 2) MEN2A, 3) MEN2B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cancers associated with MEN2A (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) MTC, 2) pheochromocytoma |
|
|
Term
| Cancers associated with MEN2B (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) MTC, 2) pheochromocytoma, 3) neuroma |
|
|
Term
| Non-cancer condition associated with MEN2A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-cancer condition associated with MEN2B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RET encodes what for what |
|
Definition
| A tyrosine kinase receptor for GDNF |
|
|
Term
| 85% of known mutations of RET is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of MEN2A have a RET mutation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Best treatment for MTC if have RET mutation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Taking all parathyroid glands |
|
|
Term
| Result if all parathyroid glands are removed |
|
Definition
|
|
