Term
| what do hormones interact with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does a hormone need to interact with a cell surface receptor |
|
Definition
| it cannot get through the membrane |
|
|
Term
| what does interaction with cell surface receptors cause within the cell |
|
Definition
| altered activity by activating a secondary messenger |
|
|
Term
| what within the cell activates a secondary messenger after a cell surface receptor is activated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of cell surface receptor / secondary messenger combinations |
|
Definition
| adenylyl cyclase /cAMP, tyrosine kinase, phosphotidyl inositol, guanylate cyclase /cAMP |
|
|
Term
| what normally ineracts with adanylyl cyclase / cAMP |
|
Definition
| hormones or catecholamines |
|
|
Term
| what normally interacts with tyrosine cyclase |
|
Definition
| insulin and epidermal growth factors |
|
|
Term
| what normally interacts with phosphatidyl inositol |
|
Definition
| oxicotociin, gonadotrophin releasing hormone, angeotensin II, epinepherine |
|
|
Term
| what does the guanylate cyclase cAMP combination do within the cell |
|
Definition
| antagonistic of cAMP activities |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of secondary messengers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do secondary messengers usually do to metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does an intercellular receptor get into the cell |
|
Definition
| it can go right through the membrane |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of intracellular receptors |
|
Definition
| steroids, thyroid hormones (T3 and T4 only) |
|
|
Term
| what are the binding domains of intracellular receptors |
|
Definition
1. hormone binding
2. DNA binding
3. amino terminal |
|
|
Term
| what do intracellular receptors affect within the cell |
|
Definition
| direct effect on gene expression, allosterically changes the receptor binds to chromosomal dna, activates RNA polymerase, increases mRNA, which makes new proteins |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the gastroentrophepatic system |
|
Definition
| large collection of endocrine cells around the GI tract |
|
|
Term
| what types of control does the gastroentrohepatic system have |
|
Definition
| endocrine, autocrine, pancrean |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between the gastroentrohepatic system and the general endocrine system |
|
Definition
| can have a more localized effect, controls their own cell's activity and the activity of adjacent cells by transfering signals through extracellular space |
|
|
Term
| what is the pituitary gland attached to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the link between the hypothalamus and pituitary |
|
Definition
| morpoholgic and functional, master organs of the endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| which is the boss of the pituitary / hypothalamus kingdom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of control does the pituitary and hypothalamus have |
|
Definition
| endocrine and neuroendocrine |
|
|
Term
| where is the pituirary located |
|
Definition
| in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone |
|
|
Term
| what demographic has a larger putuitary gland |
|
Definition
| multiparous women (have had many children) |
|
|
Term
| what covers the pituitary |
|
Definition
| diaphragmatic sellae (dura) |
|
|
Term
| what does the infundibulum connect |
|
Definition
| putiurary to hypothalamus and vascular network |
|
|
Term
| what divides the pituirary into parts |
|
Definition
| functional and embryological differences |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterior part of the pituidary called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the adenohypothalamus made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the adenohypothalamus originate |
|
Definition
| oropharynx at raphke's patch from ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of rephke's patch |
|
Definition
| pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis |
|
|
Term
| what is the biggest part of rephke's patch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pars distalis form |
|
Definition
| anterior wall of rephke's patch remnent |
|
|
Term
| what does the pars intermedia form |
|
Definition
| remnent of posterior rephke's patch |
|
|
Term
| what does the pars tuberalis form, what is the shape |
|
Definition
| lateral wall of raphke's patch, collar around infundibulum |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurosecretory portion of axons in the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the posterior pituitary made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the infundibulum continous with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tissue does the infundibulum contain |
|
Definition
| neurosecretory axons from hypothalamohypopseal tracts |
|
|
Term
| what are the main sources of blood supply with the pituitary |
|
Definition
| superior hypophyseal artery, inferior hypophyseal artery |
|
|
Term
| wwhere does the superior hypophyseal artery come from |
|
Definition
| posterior communicating artery |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior hypophyseal artery supply |
|
Definition
| superior pars tuberalis (medial eminence of infundibulum) |
|
|
Term
| where does the inferior hypophyseal artery come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior hypophyseal artery supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the blood supply in the anterior pituitary, what are around the vessels, what type of vessels |
|
Definition
| fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries, cells clumped around capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what do cells of the anterior pituitary respond to, what do they then do |
|
Definition
| signals from hypothalamus,make and secrete hormones |
|
|
Term
| in general, what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary, what type of molecule |
|
Definition
| small proteins or glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| growth hormone, prolactin,ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH |
|
|
Term
| what does growth hormone do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop mammary glands, produce milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adrenocorticotrophic hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain structure of and stimulate adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulate follicular development and spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form corpus luteym and leydig cells in testes to make testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase growth of thyroid hormone and release thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| what are the tropic hormones |
|
Definition
| ACTH, TSH, FSH, regulate activity of other endocrine organs |
|
|
Term
| what makes a hormone tropic |
|
Definition
| it has effects on other organs that release hormones |
|
|
Term
| where is the pars distalis located |
|
Definition
| bulk of anterior part of pituitary |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the pars distalis |
|
Definition
| cords of cells with capipllaries between them |
|
|
Term
| what are the cell types of the pars distalis based on staining |
|
Definition
| basophils, acidophils, chomophobes |
|
|
Term
| what are the cell types of the pars distalis based on function and immunocytochrmistry |
|
Definition
| somatotrophes, lacrotrophes, corticotrophes, gonadotrophes, thyrotrophes |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are somatotrophes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do somatotrophes make |
|
Definition
| somatotrophin (growth hormone) |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are lactotrophes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do lactotrophes make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes an increase in size of the pituitary in pregnacy |
|
Definition
| increased lactotroph activity, permanent |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are cortoctopes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do corticotropes make |
|
Definition
| propiomelanocortin (POMC) |
|
|
Term
| what is propiomelanocortin (POMC) fragmented into |
|
Definition
| ACTH, very little melanocyto stimulating hormone, b-lipotrophic hormone, endorphin hormone, enkephalin hormone |
|
|
Term
| what hormones from the pituitary are opiates |
|
Definition
| b-lipotrophic, endotrophin, enkephalin |
|
|
Term
| why would there be a significant level of malanocyto stimulating hormone |
|
Definition
| minor in humans but only shows lots in tumor causing bronze skin |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are gondaotropes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do most gonadotropes make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do some gonadotrophes made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are thyrotropes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the overall function of hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do endocrine glands get their secretions into the body |
|
Definition
| they are DUCTLESS they secrete into the blood and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what are the classes of hormones |
|
Definition
| steroid, small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins, amino acid analouges and derivitives (catecholamines) |
|
|
Term
| what are the catecholamines |
|
Definition
| norepihepherine and epinepherine |
|
|
Term
| what are steroid hormones derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are steroid hormones made |
|
Definition
| ovaries, testes, adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| where are small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins made |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, enterocndocrine cells |
|
|
Term
| where are cetecholamines made |
|
Definition
| neurons and adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| what types of hormones are classified as amino acid analouge and derivitives |
|
Definition
| thyroid hormones, iodinated amino acids |
|
|
Term
| what is the venous system of the pituitary called |
|
Definition
| hypothalamohypophyseal portal system |
|
|
Term
| what are the portal veins of the pituitary called |
|
Definition
| hypophyseal portal veins and second sinusoidal capillary network or second capillary plexus |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system |
|
Definition
| carries neuroendocrine secretions to hypothalamic nerves from sites of release in median eminence and infundibulum to the pars distalis |
|
|
Term
| where does blood from the pituitary drain |
|
Definition
| mostly into the cavernous sinus on either side of the selle turcica and then into systemic circulation |
|
|
Term
| where is the pars intermedia |
|
Definition
| around a series of small cystic cavities that are the remnents of rathke's pouch |
|
|
Term
| what is the pars tuberalis |
|
Definition
| an extension of the anterior lobe along the infundibulum |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the pars tuberalis |
|
Definition
| immunoreactivity for ACTH, FSH, LH |
|
|
Term
| what can cause an excessive secretion of growth hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an adenoma occurs during childhood and puberty when the apiphyseal plates are still active |
|
|
Term
| what happens when excessive growth hormone occurs in an adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlargement of the hands, feet, jaw, and soft tissues |
|
|
Term
| what do prolactin secreting tumors alter |
|
Definition
| the hypothalamic hypophyseal gonadal interaction leading to gonadotropin deficiency |
|
|
Term
| what is hypersecreting of prolactin in women linked with |
|
Definition
| infertility caused by lack of ovulation and oligomenorrhea or amenorhea (dysfunctional uterine bleeding) |
|
|
Term
| what does hyperlactinemia cause |
|
Definition
| decrease in fertility and libido in males and females |
|
|
Term
| what are effects of hyperprolactinmeia |
|
Definition
| decreased fertility and ilbido in makes and females, galactorrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the posterior puiuitary |
|
Definition
| pars nervosa, infundibulum |
|
|
Term
| what does the pars nervosa have |
|
Definition
| neurosecretory axons and their ending |
|
|
Term
| what does the infundibulum contain |
|
Definition
| neurosecretory axons from the hypothalamohypophyseal tracts |
|
|
Term
| what does the pars nervosa contain |
|
Definition
| unmeylinated axons and their axon terminals |
|
|
Term
| where are the cellb odies of the axons in the pars nervosa |
|
Definition
| supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| what forms the hypothalamohypophyseal tract |
|
Definition
| axons from the pars nervosa |
|
|
Term
| where do the axons of the pers nervosa end |
|
Definition
| NOT on other nerons or target cells, near fenestrated capillaries |
|
|
Term
| where are secretory vesicles found in the pars nervosa |
|
Definition
| in all parts of the neurons |
|
|
Term
| what organell is well developed in the cells of the pars nervosa |
|
Definition
| nissl substance (resemble ventral horn ganglion cells) |
|
|
Term
| what is the endocrine function of the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| storage site for secretions of the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
|
|
Term
| what is the another name for the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are herring bodies formed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the vesicles of herring bodies contain |
|
Definition
| oxytocin or ADH, ATP, neurophysin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin, argining vasopressin |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between oxytocin and ADH |
|
Definition
| they differ in two amino acid residues |
|
|
Term
| how are oxytocin and neurophysin made |
|
Definition
| as a large molecule including neurophysin |
|
|
Term
| what is the large molecule in herring bodies cleaved into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of neurophysin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are herring bodies located |
|
Definition
| dilations in the axons near the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| what is the only cell specific to the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are pituicytes similar to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what to pituicytes contain |
|
Definition
| glial fibrillary scidic protein |
|
|
Term
| what are pituicytes associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cells of the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| pituicytes, fibroblasts, mast cells, herring bodies |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary affect of ADH |
|
Definition
| increase permeability of distal portion of the nepheron, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
| how does ADH increase permability |
|
Definition
| acts on regulated water channels to cause rapid reabsorption of water across the tubule epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water channels with an hourglass shape what ADH acts on in the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| what can large nonphysiologic doses of ADH cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does ADH increase blood pressure |
|
Definition
| promoting contraction of smooth muscles in small arteries |
|
|
Term
| what is the short term affect of ADH on AQP2 |
|
Definition
| causes vessels with the transported to come to the cell surface |
|
|
Term
| what is the long term effect ADH had on AQP2 |
|
Definition
| causes synthesis of the channels and insertion into the membrane |
|
|
Term
| what causes ADH to be released |
|
Definition
| increase in plasma osmolaity or decrease in blood volume, pain traume emotional stress, dehydration, sweating, vomitting |
|
|
Term
| what does absence of ADH cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes diabetes insipidus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus |
|
Definition
| lots of dilute urine, thirst |
|
|
Term
| what causes diabetes insipidus |
|
Definition
| head injuries, tumors, lesions |
|
|
Term
| how is diabetes insipidus treated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus |
|
Definition
| mutation of AQP2 and ADH receptor genes in the kidney, kidney cannot respond to ADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ADH secreting tumors in the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of an ADH secretinng tumor |
|
Definition
| retain water, concentrated urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promote smooth muscle contraction and ADH |
|
|
Term
| where does oxycotin contract smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| uterus and myoepithelial cells in aveoli of the mammary glands |
|
|
Term
| what triggers oxycotin secretion |
|
Definition
| neural stimuli: distension of the uterus, nursing |
|
|
Term
| what does the pineal gland regulate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the pineal gland located |
|
Definition
| in the roof of the third ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the pineal gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the chief cells of the pineal gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells are in the pineal gland |
|
Definition
| pinealocytes, interstitial (glial) cells |
|
|
Term
| what do glial cells resemble |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pineal gland secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is corpa arenacea derived from |
|
Definition
| percipitation of calcium phosphates and carbonates on carrier proteins released into the cytoplasm when pineal secretions are exocytosed |
|
|
Term
| where are concentrations of corpora arenacea highest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of organ is the pineal gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the pineal gland obtain information |
|
Definition
| gathers info about light and dark cycles from the retina via the retinohypothalmic tract |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the day when light hits the pineal gland |
|
Definition
| inhibit production of melatonin |
|
|
Term
| what happens at night when light is absent from the pineal gland |
|
Definition
| plasma levels of melatonin rise |
|
|
Term
| what disorders does the pineal gland have a part in |
|
Definition
| jet lag and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
|
|
Term
| What are herring bodies, where are they located. Know this! |
|
Definition
| Axon terminals in the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| What are the other, non pituitary specific cells in the posterior pituitary. Know this! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are supraoptic and paraventrcular nuclei located. Know this! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do supraoptic and para ventricular nuclei do. Know this! |
|
Definition
| Secrete hormones in vessels of the posterior pituitary |
|
|
