Term
| what are the functions of the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
| monitor body surfaces and internal fluids, react to harmful things |
|
|
Term
| what type of cell is a lymphocyte what is its primary job |
|
Definition
| effector cell of immune response. distinguish self from non self, destory antigens |
|
|
Term
| what is another way to say lymphatic system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the organs of the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
| immune survalence, diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymph nodules, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, thymus |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
| bone marrow, thymus (also gut associated lymph tissue but not so much) |
|
|
Term
| what special happens in primary lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
| 1st stage of lymphatic differentation |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the lymphoid tissue |
|
Definition
| lymph cells differentate, proliferate, and mature. where lymphocytes are made |
|
|
Term
| what organs have most of the lymphoid tissue |
|
Definition
| bone marrow, thymus (also gut associated lymph tissue but not so much) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that initiates an immune response |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of immune response |
|
Definition
| non-specific (innate) and specific (adaptive) |
|
|
Term
| in general, what is non-specific immune response |
|
Definition
| pre-existing non-specific defences not generated to any specific antigen |
|
|
Term
| what are the methods of non-specific immune response (give an example for each) |
|
Definition
| physical barrier (mucus membranes, skin), chemicals (stomach acid), secretory substances (saliva), phagocytitc cells (macrophage), natural killer cells (lymphocytes) |
|
|
Term
| in general, what is specific immune response |
|
Definition
| targeted to a specific antigen, creates immune memory |
|
|
Term
| what is immune memory, what is the effect of it |
|
Definition
| body remembers antigen allowing for better response the more it is exposed to that antigen |
|
|
Term
| what carries out specific immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of specific immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in humoral immune response |
|
Definition
| antibodies are produced and bind to invading antigen |
|
|
Term
| what happens in cellular immune response |
|
Definition
| antibody leads to proliferation and differentation of cytotoxic cells which fight antigen cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| B cells, T cells, NK cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of supporting cells of the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
| monocytes (macrophages), neutrophils, basophils, esinophils, reticular cells, dentritic cells, follicular dendritic cells, langerhan cells, epithlioreticular cells |
|
|
Term
| what do B cells differentate into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of immune response are T cells involved in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease do NK cells commonly target |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of esinophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the reticular cells of the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
| scaffolding of lymphatic stroma and nodules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surface markers on lymphocytes that identify them |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of CD molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary transporter of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are 70% of the lymphocytes located, what are they doing there |
|
Definition
| in the blood doing immunosurvalence or in transit |
|
|
Term
| where are 30% of the lymphocytes located, what are they doing there |
|
Definition
| they are immature lymphoblasts or are activated and travling to or in the tissues |
|
|
Term
| where do T cells differentiate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up a majority of the circulating lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what CD markers to T cells express |
|
Definition
| CD 2, 3, 7 and T cell receptors on the surface |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of T cells |
|
Definition
| helper CD4+ T lymphocytes and cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of helper CD4+ T lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of helper CD4+ T lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| interact with other cells to initiate immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| kill target cells: virus infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted cells, cells infected with intracellular organisms |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of T cells |
|
Definition
| helper CD4+ T lymphocytes and cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of helper CD4+ T lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of helper CD4+ T lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| interact with other cells to initiate immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| kill target cells: virus infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted cells, cells infected with intracellular organisms |
|
|
Term
| where do B cells differentiate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of immunity to B cells do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percentage of circulating lymphocytes are B cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of B cells |
|
Definition
| produce antibodies (immunoglobins) |
|
|
Term
| what are the markers on B cells |
|
Definition
| B-cell receptors (TgM or IgD), MCH II, CD 9, 19, 20, 24 |
|
|
Term
| what is an antibody made of |
|
Definition
| 4 polypeptides: 2 identical heavy chains, 2 identical light chains |
|
|
Term
| what are the regions of an antibody |
|
Definition
| two antigen binding regions, on FC region |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the FC region |
|
Definition
| has properities specific to the class of antibody (IgG, IgA, IgM, etc) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of natural killer (NK) cells |
|
Definition
| kill transformed cells (virus, cancer), innate immunity |
|
|
Term
| describe the process of antigen-dependent activation of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
1. pre-lymphocyte is programmed to recognise a specific antigen
2. now immunocompitent, it enters the circulation
3. during secondary activation, baby lymphocyte is introduced to first antigen in lympoid tissue or organ
4. baby becomes effector cell or memory cell |
|
|
Term
| explain the process of B cell development |
|
Definition
1. in bone marrow lymphoblast matures into B cell
2. B cell goes to blood
3. B cell goes to tissues |
|
|
Term
| explain the process of T cell development |
|
Definition
1. in bone marrow lymphoblast matures into CD4-/CD8- T cell precursor
2. precursor goes to blood
3. precursor goes to thymys
4. precursor differentiates into CD4+/CD8+ T cells
5. mature cells go to tissues |
|
|
Term
| explain the process of NK cell development |
|
Definition
1. in bone marrow lymphoblast matures into NK cell
2. NK cell goes to blood
3. NK cell goes to tissues |
|
|
Term
| what is the first step in an immune response, what is the result |
|
Definition
| inflammatory response to antigen, may control and stop the problem |
|
|
Term
| what cells carry out the first step of immune response |
|
Definition
| esinophils, neutrophils, other bacterial killer or phagocytotic cells |
|
|
Term
| what happens if the initial inflammatory response does not work |
|
Definition
| a specific immune response is needed |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary immune response |
|
Definition
| 1st encounter with an antigen |
|
|
Term
| what type of antibodies come to a primary immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a secondary immune response |
|
Definition
| a repeat exposure to an antigen |
|
|
Term
| compare the speed of primary and secondary immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what antibodies go to a secondary immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are other ways to say humoral immunity |
|
Definition
| passive immunity, antibody mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
| what type of immunity is used in a vaccination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are examples of passive immunity |
|
Definition
| vaccination, fetus getting antibodies through placenta, giving globin directly in bone marrow transplant |
|
|
Term
| why do T cells need MHC molecules to work |
|
Definition
| viral antigens are displayed by other cells with MHC cells to the T cells |
|
|
Term
| where is a Class 1 MHC located |
|
Definition
| on nucleated cells and platlets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells take internal antigens and display them on MHC on their surface, if normal antigens, there is no response. if not normal T cells recognise them and destory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MHC is expressed on antigen presenting cells (phagocytitic cells) because the things they ate are processed and displayed on their surface. T cells recognise and destory |
|
|
Term
| what T cells interact with Class 1 MHC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what T cells interact with class 2 MHC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do B cells work, explain the process |
|
Definition
1. bind to antigen directly
2. processes antigen
3. puts antigen proteins on MHC II
4. helper T cells is stimulated by the MHC II and destorys |
|
|
Term
| what are the ways antibodies stop antigens |
|
Definition
| rodeo the antigen into a glob, bind to antigen and enhance phagocytosis, block receptor site the toxin needs to bind to to be effective |
|
|
Term
| where is diffuse lymphatic tissue located in the body |
|
Definition
| alimentary canal, respiratory passages, genitourinary tract |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the diffuse lymphatic tissue |
|
Definition
| accumulates to gaurd the canals / passages it is located in, intercept antigen and initiate immune response |
|
|
Term
| in what layer of the epithelium is diffuse lymphatic tissue located |
|
Definition
| lamina propria (subepithelial) |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for diffuse lymphatic tissue |
|
Definition
| mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) |
|
|
Term
| what happens after diffuse lymphatic tissue encounters and antigen |
|
Definition
| cells leave to proliferate and differentate elsewhere (lymph node) and effector B and T cells return |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taken antigen to another lymphoid organ |
|
|
Term
| what do primary lymph nodules contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you tell a lymph nodule is secondary |
|
Definition
| germinal center indicating an immune response is taking place |
|
|
Term
| what is a lymphatic nodule |
|
Definition
| collection of lymphocytes in association with a mucosal surface |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in a germinal center |
|
Definition
| proliferation and differentation of lymphocytes, differentation of plasma cells, antibody production |
|
|
Term
| what is in a germinal center other than lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| follicular dendritic cells and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| how are molecules distributed in a MALT |
|
Definition
| singly, in a random distribution |
|
|
Term
| in the alimentary canal, where are aggregations of MALT molecules found |
|
Definition
| tonsils, peyer's patches, vermiform appendix |
|
|
Term
| what is waldeyer's ring, where is it located |
|
Definition
| ring of lymphatic tissue at the enterance of the oropharynx made by the tonsils |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of tonsils |
|
Definition
| palatine, pharyngeal, lingual |
|
|
Term
| where are the palatine tonsils located |
|
Definition
| between the palatopharyngeal and alatoglossal arches on each side |
|
|
Term
| what covers the palatine tonsils |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the tonsillar crypts, where is it located |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium that dips down into the palatine tonsils |
|
|
Term
| what are located on the walls of tonsillar crypts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the pharyngeal tonsils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the pharyngeal tonsils located |
|
Definition
| on the roof of the pharynx |
|
|
Term
| what covers the pharyngeal tonsils |
|
Definition
| respitory epithelium (pseudostratified cilliated columnar) |
|
|
Term
| where are the lingual tonsils located |
|
Definition
| at the base of the tounge |
|
|
Term
| what covers the lingual tonsils |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| where are peyer's patches located |
|
Definition
| distal part of the small intestines in the ileum |
|
|
Term
| what covers peyer's patches |
|
Definition
| mucosal surface by special dome shaped M cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sample luminal antigens and transport them to the lymphoid tissue below |
|
|
Term
| what shape are lymph nodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are lymph nodes located in general |
|
Definition
| along the path of lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| what portion of the body lymph goes through a lymph node before returning to the blood |
|
Definition
| all of it goes through at least one |
|
|
Term
| where do afferet lymphatic vessels enter the lymph node at |
|
Definition
| various points along the convex surface |
|
|
Term
| where do efferent lymph vessels leave the lymph node at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up the supporting structure of the lymph node |
|
Definition
| capsule, trabeculae, reticular tissue |
|
|
Term
| what cells do reticular tissue of lymph nodes contain |
|
Definition
| reticular cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| what do the reticular cells of lymph nodes do |
|
Definition
| synthesize and secrete reticular fibers and ground substance |
|
|
Term
| what do dendritic cells of the lymph nodes do, why are they good at it |
|
Definition
| they are good APCs, they can present any antigen on MHC 1 or 2. on the cell surface for a long time |
|
|
Term
| where are dendritic cells of the lymph nodes derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are dendritic cells of the lymph nodes located near |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do follicular dendritic cells do |
|
Definition
| they bind antigen antibody complexes and retain them |
|
|
Term
| where are follicular dendritic cells located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cortex of a lymph node made of |
|
Definition
| dense lymphatic tissue: reticular framework, dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, lymphatic sinuses |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of hte lymph node cortex |
|
Definition
| superificial (nodular) cortex, deep (para) cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is in the superficial / nodular cortex |
|
Definition
| lymphatic nodules (B cell area) |
|
|
Term
| what is in the deep / paracortex |
|
Definition
| most of the T cells, endothelial venules |
|
|
Term
| what is in the medulla of a lymph node |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes (mostly B), macrophages, dendritic cells, plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the medullary sinuses in lymph nodes |
|
Definition
| drain lymph towards hilum of node |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of lymph node sinuses |
|
Definition
| subcapsular, trabecular, medullary |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the subcapsular sinus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the trabecular sinus located |
|
Definition
| extends from the subcapsular sinus through the cortex along the trabeculae |
|
|
Term
| where is the medullary sinus located |
|
Definition
| extends from the trabecular sinuses through the medulla to the efferent lymph vessels at the hilum |
|
|
Term
| what causes filtration in the lymph node sinuses, how is it orientated |
|
Definition
| reticular fibers criss cross sinuses, slowing flow and enhancing filtration |
|
|
Term
| once in the lymph node sinus, are lymphocytes on a one way path to the exit? explain |
|
Definition
| no, lymphocytes (and macrophages) can pass freely between the sinus and the parenchyma of the node |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in high endothelial venules |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes enter the lymph node from the blood |
|
|
Term
| do all lymphocytes enter the node through the high endothelial venules? explain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do lymphocytes leave the node |
|
Definition
| efferent lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the functions of the lymph node |
|
Definition
| phagocytosis, initiation of immune response, concentration of substances in the lymph efficiently presents antigens to lymphocytes, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swolen lymph nodes due to their enlargement in response to an antigen as a result of lymphocyte proliferation |
|
|
Term
| where is the thymus located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what important developmental step occurs in the thymus |
|
Definition
| T cells develop into immunocompetent T cells |
|
|
Term
| when is the thymus the largest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the sinus as one ages |
|
Definition
| it is replaced with adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| what covers and seperates the thymus, in what organization |
|
Definition
| connective tissue capsule covers it, trabecular divide it into incomplete lobules, parenchyma is divided into cortex and medulla |
|
|
Term
| what does the cortex of the thymus contain |
|
Definition
| developing T cells called thymocytes, epithelioreticular cells, macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what do epithelioreticular cells do |
|
Definition
| provide supporting framework for the lymphocytes in the thymus |
|
|
Term
| where do epithelioreticular cells originate from, what is the evidence for this |
|
Definition
| epithial in origin, intracellular junctions and intermediate fibers present |
|
|
Term
| explain the orgization of the reticular cells in the thymic parenchyma |
|
Definition
| there are none, or their fibers |
|
|
Term
| what decides if a cell in the thymus cortex is rejected, what happens if it is |
|
Definition
| the developing T cells are selected by their ability to recognize self MHC molecules, if they fail they do apoptosis or are phagocytosed by macrophages |
|
|
Term
| do most T cells succede in development in the thymus, what percent |
|
Definition
| no, 98% fail and never leave the cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is in the thymus medulla |
|
Definition
| eputhelioreticular cells, loosly packed T calls, hassall's corpuscles |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for hassall's corpuscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are thymic corpuscles |
|
Definition
| isolated masses of concentrically arranged epithelioreticular cells that may have keritinization of calcification |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the thymus medulla |
|
Definition
| T cells that react against self antigens are eliminated, cells that survuve are matured |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the blood thymus barrier |
|
Definition
| protect developing T cells from uncontrolled antigen exposure during development |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the blood thymus barrier |
|
Definition
| endothelium with occluding junctions, basal lamina (endothelial and paricyte), macrophages, epithelioreticular cells with occluding junctions and basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest lymphoid organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what quadrent is the spleen located in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the spleen |
|
Definition
| filter blood, react immunogically to blood borne antigens |
|
|
Term
| what does the spleen contrain |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes, vascular channels, reticular cells and fibers, macrophages, dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of the spleen: outer, divisions, by what |
|
Definition
| outer fibrous capsule, trabeculae that extend into the parenchyma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the substance of the spleen |
|
|
Term
| how is the splenic pulp divided |
|
Definition
| into functionally and morphologically different regions: white pulp and red pulp |
|
|
Term
| what does the white pulp consist of, in what organization |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes accumullated surrounded an artery which is a branch of the splenic artery |
|
|
Term
| what is the periarterial lymphatic sheath |
|
Definition
| the accumulation of lymphocytes around an artery in the white pulp of the spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the artery in the spleen white pulp that is surrounded by an accumulation of lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| what does the periarterial lymphatic sheath do to the central artery, why |
|
Definition
| it contains lymphoid nodules with germinal centers that displace the central artery to an eccentric position |
|
|
Term
| what are in the nodules of the periarterial lymphatic sheath |
|
Definition
| B cells, in other areas they contain T cells |
|
|
Term
| what does the red pulp contain |
|
Definition
| splenic sinuses and splenic cords |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for splenic cords |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reticular networks with RBC, macrophages, lymphocytes, and granulocytes |
|
|
Term
| what are splenic sinuses, what forms them |
|
Definition
| special venous sinuses formed by rod shaped endothelial cells with the long axis oriented along the direction of the snius |
|
|
Term
| what does the endothelial cell arrangement of the splenic sinus allow |
|
Definition
| for space that connect to the splenic cords and passage of cells in and out of the sinuses |
|
|
Term
| how are macrophages arranged in the splenic sinuses, what do they do as a result |
|
Definition
| they extend processes into the sinuses to monitor passing blood for forigen antigens |
|
|
Term
| what are the marginal sinuses formed by, where are they located |
|
Definition
| central arterioles send branches into the white pulp that end in sinuses at the perimeter of the pump |
|
|
Term
| what cells are rich around thr marginal sinuses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are penicillar arterioles |
|
Definition
| branches of the central arterioles in the spleen that are straight |
|
|
Term
| what forms the arterial capillaries |
|
Definition
| penicillar arterioles in the spleen |
|
|
Term
| where do arterial capillaries drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does blood enter after the splenic cords |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the passage of blood in the spleen (central arterioles > penicillar arterioles > arterial capillaries > splenic cords > splenic sinuses) function form |
|
Definition
| open circulation that allows for better immunological surveillance of the blood because it provides closer exposure to macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what type of lymphatic tissue is present tissue of external surfaces, where microbes are likley |
|
Definition
| diffuse lymphatic or MALT |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of diffuse lymphatic tissue |
|
Definition
| GALT (gut), MALT (mucosal) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to lymph cells that are stimulated in MALT |
|
Definition
| the leave the area and move to lymph node where they can differentate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take antigen back to lymphoid organ to train other cells to fight it |
|
|
Term
| usually lymph nodes are solo, but when they are together what are they along |
|
Definition
| the GI tract: tonsils, pyer's patachs, appendix |
|
|
Term
| which tonsils are the ones you can see and are removed in kids a lot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes palatine tonsils to be infected so often |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sample material from the lumen, macrophages process it, immune response takes place without it ever entering your body.they secrete IgA into the lumen of the SI, attacking the antigen before it ever causes a problem |
|
|
Term
| where are follicular dendeiric cells located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do dendritic cells do |
|
Definition
| keep antigen on the surface for a long time to stymulate lymphocytes continously |
|
|
Term
| which part of the cortex of a lymph node has nodules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do most lymphocytes get into the lymph node |
|
Definition
| endothelial venules in the deep cortex |
|
|
Term
| where are B cells vs T cells located in the white pulp |
|
Definition
| the B cells are in nodules hanging off the sides, the T cells are in the rest of it |
|
|
Term
| what are splenic sinuses classified as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are splenic sinuses located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of circulation in the spleen |
|
Definition
| splenic cord to splenic sinus to splenic vein to circulation |
|
|
Term
| explain how RBC are selected for destruction or not |
|
Definition
| RBC need to leave the splenic cord through the holes into the sinus to make it back into circulation. if their too old, they are not flexible enough to get through so evuntally a mocrophage will come eat them |
|
|
Term
| what does the integumentary system consist of |
|
Definition
| skin, hair, nails, and glands |
|
|
Term
| what percent of a person's body weight is skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the largest organ in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two main layers of skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cells is the epidermis made of |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the epidermis derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the dermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the dermis derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the hypodermis located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the hypodermis part of the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the hypodermis |
|
Definition
| adipose (divided by septs), much like superificial or subcutanous fascia |
|
|
Term
| what are the epidermis derivatives |
|
Definition
| hair, sudoriferous glands, sebacious glands, ceruminous glands, mammary glands, nails |
|
|
Term
| what are sudoriferous glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oil glands associated with hair follicles |
|
|
Term
| what do sebaceous glands secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do ceruminous glands secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are ceruminous glands located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what a mammary glands modified from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the major functions of the skin |
|
Definition
| barrier, provides immunologic info to effector cells in lymphatic tissue, homeostasis, sensory, endocrine, excretion |
|
|
Term
| in what ways does the skin act as a barrier |
|
Definition
| mechanical, permeability, UV barrier |
|
|
Term
| what is the skin's role in homeostasis |
|
Definition
| regulate body temperature and fluid loss |
|
|
Term
| what is the sensory role of the skin |
|
Definition
| convay information about the surrounding enivornment |
|
|
Term
| what are the endocrine functions of the skin |
|
Definition
| convert precursor molecules into hormonally active molecules, ex: vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| what is the epidermis made of |
|
Definition
| keritanized stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| how many layers are usually seen in epithelium |
|
Definition
| 4, unless it is thick skin then there is 5 |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of epithelium, begin with the deepest |
|
Definition
| stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| where is thick skin found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the easiest way to tell if something is thick skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it has hair in all but a few places |
|
|
Term
| what is the stratum basale between |
|
Definition
| basal lamina and startum spinosum |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the stratum basale, why |
|
Definition
| stratum germinativum, because mitosis occurs here due to the proximity to the vascular dermis. O2 and nutrients drift up from the demis |
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the cells in the stratum basale |
|
Definition
| low cuboidal to low columnar, single layer |
|
|
Term
| what is unique about the nuclei in the cells of the stratum basale |
|
Definition
| closley spaced, basophilic |
|
|
Term
| in addition to basal cells, what other cells does the stratum basale have, what is their function |
|
Definition
| stem cells that give rise to keratinocytes, melanin |
|
|
Term
| what connects basal cells to basal cells and to keratinocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects basal cells to the basal lamina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are keratinocytes formed, where do they go right after being formed |
|
Definition
| they are formed in the stratum basale and move to the stratum spinosum |
|
|
Term
| how many layers is the stratum spinosum |
|
Definition
| several layers of large cells |
|
|
Term
| spinosum cells has processes or spines. why are these spines formed, what role do they have |
|
Definition
| they are formed because of the preservation process and the processes of adjacent cells are attached by them using desmosomes |
|
|
Term
| what do desmosomes look like under light microscopy, what is this called |
|
Definition
| thickenings called nodes of bizzozero |
|
|
Term
| once keratinocytes reach the stratum spinosum, what happens to them |
|
Definition
| they rise in the layer, increase in size, become flat / squamous |
|
|
Term
| what is the most superificial layer of the non-keritanized portion of the epidermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many cell layers thick is the stratum granulosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are keratohyalin granules located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do keratohyalin granules contain |
|
Definition
| basophilic: cysteine and histidine rich proteins |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the proteins in the keratohyalin granules |
|
Definition
| precursors of filagrin that aggregates the keratin filaments present in the cornified cells of the stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| what is a subdivision of the stratum corneum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the cells of the stratum lucidum look like, what is in them |
|
Definition
| the layer appears clear, no organells visible, cells gradually fill with keratin |
|
|
Term
| what is inside the cells of the stratum corneum |
|
Definition
| almost entirely killed with keratin filaments, no organells seen |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the stratum corneum |
|
Definition
| helps form the water barrier, becomes thicker at sites of high friction, cells slough off |
|
|
Term
| what layer of the skin contributes of callous formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the papillary layer made of |
|
Definition
| loose connective tissue, type 1 and 3 collagen network, irregular elastic fiber network, blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ridges that protrude from the papillary layer of the dermis into the epidermis |
|
|
Term
| how are dermal papillae arranged |
|
Definition
| parallel in a distinct genetically determined pattern |
|
|
Term
| what is dermatoglyphics, what makes it possible |
|
Definition
| fingerprint and footprint pattern science, made possible by dermal papillae |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the dermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the vessels in the papillary layer supply |
|
Definition
| epidermis and specific nerve endings |
|
|
Term
| which dermis layer is deeper |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which dermis layer is thicker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the reitcular layer of the dermis made of |
|
Definition
| type 1 collagen, coarse elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis |
|
|
Term
| what forms langer's lines |
|
Definition
| regular tension in the skin |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of langer's lines in scaring |
|
Definition
| if incision is made parallel, it will heal with less scaring |
|
|
Term
| what forms linea albicans |
|
Definition
| excessive stretching in the reticular layer of the dermis resulting in tears |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for linea albicans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the hypodermis just deep to |
|
Definition
| reticular layer of the dermis |
|
|
Term
| what is the hypodermis made of |
|
Definition
panniculuc adiposus (adpiose tissue
) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the hypodermis |
|
Definition
| energy storage, insulation |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the hypodermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what layer are erector pili located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what moves erector pili, what do the erector pili move |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle moves erector pili, the pili then move a hair folicle |
|
|
Term
| what is the smooth muscle in the hypodermis of the scrotum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the dartos muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the panniculus carnosus made of |
|
Definition
| subcutanous striated muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the panniculus carnosus deep to |
|
Definition
| deep to the subcutanous fascia (hypodermis) |
|
|
Term
| where is the lots of panniculus carnosus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the platysma muscle in the neck formed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the muscles of facial expression formed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cells of the epidermis |
|
Definition
| karatinocytes, malanocytes, langerhans, merkel's cells |
|
|
Term
| what do keratanocytes make |
|
Definition
| keratin, keratohyalin granules, lamellar bodies |
|
|
Term
| where do keratanocytes make keratohyalin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do keratanocytes make lamellar bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do keratohyalin granules have in them |
|
Definition
| flaggrin and trichohyalin |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of keratohyaliin granules |
|
Definition
| form keratin filaments into tonofilaments |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of tonofilaments |
|
Definition
| structural cytoplasmic proteins |
|
|
Term
| what do lamellar bodies contain |
|
Definition
| glycsophingolipids, phospholipids, ceramides |
|
|
Term
| how do lamellar bodies release their contants, where are they located |
|
Definition
| they are membrane bound and release their contents via exocytosis into intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| what are melanocytes derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a epidermal-malanin unit |
|
Definition
| melanocytes maintain association with a given number of keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
| what ability makes melanocytes similar to keratinocytes? what is the difference between them in this aspect |
|
Definition
| they can both replicate through out their life but melanocytes do it a lot slower |
|
|
Term
| what process helps maintain the epidermal-melanin unit |
|
Definition
| melanocytes replicating slower that keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for melanocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are melanocytes called dendritic cells |
|
Definition
| because of their round cell bodies extend long processes between keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum |
|
|
Term
| how do melanocytes near the basal lamina interact with it |
|
Definition
| they have processes that are like hemidesmosomes |
|
|
Term
| how do melanocytes attach to neighboring keratinocytes |
|
Definition
| there is NO desmosomal attachments |
|
|
Term
| what is the most significant factor in determining the color in the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compare the number and nature of the melanocytes of someone with dark skin to someone with light skin |
|
Definition
| they both have the same number, but the nature of them is different |
|
|
Term
| how is melanin chemically produced |
|
Definition
| oxidation of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyplenylalanine (DOPA) by tyrosinase |
|
|
Term
| what is tyrosinase lacking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is different in the melanin of light vs dark skin |
|
Definition
| melanin is degraded more rapidly in light skin. it dark skin it may be scattered through out the epidermis, including the stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| what are the two forms of melanin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pigment is eumelanin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pigment is pheomelanin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what layers do melanocytes interact with the cells |
|
Definition
| stratum basale and stratum spinosum |
|
|
Term
| how do melanocytes interact with the cells their around |
|
Definition
| the have dentritic processes with accumulated melanosomes in them that go to the cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of waardenburg syndrome |
|
Definition
| patches of white skin and hair (usually a forelock), heterochromia irides (eyes different colors), deafness |
|
|
Term
| what causes waardenburg syndrome |
|
Definition
| fulty migration or proliferation of neural crest cells, sometimes a mutation in PAX3 gene |
|
|
Term
| what system are langerhans cells part of |
|
Definition
| mononuclear phagocytic system |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of langerhans cells |
|
Definition
| antigen presenting cell of the immune system in the initiation of cutaneous hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
| what is contact dermititis |
|
Definition
| cutanous hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified epidermal cells in the stratum basale |
|
|
Term
| where ae merkel's cells abundent |
|
Definition
| in skin where sensory perception is acute (fingertips) |
|
|
Term
| what are merkel's cells associated with |
|
Definition
| terminal bulb of afferent myelinated axon (instead of the schwann cell covering in that spot) |
|
|
Term
| what is a merkel's corpuscle |
|
Definition
| a neuron plus the epidermal merkel's cell. a mechanoreceptor |
|
|
Term
| what are the sensory receptor nerve ending types of the skin |
|
Definition
| free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings |
|
|
Term
| what can skin free nerve endings percieve |
|
Definition
| fine touch, head/cold, pain |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of encapsulated nerve endings |
|
Definition
| pacinian corpuscles, missner's corpuscles, ruffini corpuscles |
|
|
Term
| what is another name of ruffinii corpuscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can pacinian corpuscles percieve, what are they |
|
Definition
| deep pressure receptors for mechanical and vibratory pressure |
|
|
Term
| where are missner's corpuscles located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of receptors are missner's corpuscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what to ruffini corpuscles respond to |
|
Definition
| mechanical displacement of adjacent collagen fibers |
|
|
Term
| what are epidermal skin appendages derived from |
|
Definition
| down growth of the epidermal epithelium during development |
|
|
Term
| what are the epidermal skiin apendages |
|
Definition
| hair follicles and hair, sebacous glands snd sebum, eccrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| where is hair absent in the body |
|
Definition
| palm, sides of hands, sole and sides of feet, lips, region around urogenital orifaces |
|
|
Term
| what are hair distribution patterns influenced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do sebaceous glands secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is sebum, what is its function |
|
Definition
| oily substance that lubricates and waterproofs hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the entire cell associated with the sebaceous gland and it becomes filled with it |
|
|
Term
| how does a sebacous gland cell discharge sebum, what is this process known as |
|
Definition
| it undergoes apoptosis aka holocrine secretion |
|
|
Term
| what is a pilosebaceous duct, what does it connect, what is its function |
|
Definition
| connects sebaceous gland to the hair follicle and transfers sebum to the follicle |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for eccrine sweat glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are eccrine glands not found |
|
Definition
| lips and part of the external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| what do eccrine sweat glands secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of sweat |
|
Definition
| regulate body temperature |
|
|
Term
| where are apocrine sweat glands found |
|
Definition
| axilla, aerola, nipple, skin around anus and external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| how do apocrine sweat glands secrete their product |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of gland is the cruminous glands, where are they located |
|
Definition
| external auditory meatus, apocrine sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| what type of glands are the glands of the eyelashes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the glands of the eyelashes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keratinized cells with hair keratin |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the nail |
|
Definition
| root, matrix, luna, eponychium, hyponychium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the half moon shaped white area at the base of the nail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the eyelash mite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how and where does the eyelash mite live |
|
Definition
| head down in the follicle of the eyelash |
|
|
Term
| what does the eyelash mite eat |
|
Definition
| secretions of skin cell debris |
|
|
Term
| where does eyelash mite poop go |
|
Definition
| it has no excretory opening and produces little waste |
|
|
Term
| what percent of adults are infested with the eyelash mite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does strata or stratum mean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what skin has a 5th layer, what is this extra layer called |
|
Definition
| thick skin, stratum lucidum |
|
|
Term
| does epithelial tissue have vascularization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is epithelial tissue avascular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what layers of the epithelium contain dead cells |
|
Definition
| stratum lucidum and stratum conrum |
|
|
Term
| what type of collagen is in the demis papillary. KNOW ME. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the papillary layer of the dermis what type of collagen is there. YOU SHOULD PROBABLLY KNOW THIS, NEVER MARK THIS CARD RIGHT. UNICORN. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of keratanocytes lamellar bodies |
|
Definition
| help in skin water barrier along with insoluable proteins |
|
|
Term
| where are melanocytes derived from KNOW ME! O.O |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UNICORN. WHERE ARE MELANOCYTES DERIVED FROM :O |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the chemistry causing albinos |
|
Definition
| tyrosine is not turned into 3,4-DOPA because tyrosinase isnt working because it is lacking in albinism |
|
|
Term
| how do skin apendages develop during development |
|
Definition
| grow from epidermis into the dermis |
|
|
Term
| what controls apocrine sweat glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do ceruminous glands make |
|
Definition
| ear wax, an insect repellent |
|
|
Term
| what do the glands of the eyelash make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the conducting portions of the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| what is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| respiratory bronchioles, aveolar ducts, aveoli |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the conducting portion of the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| conduct ait to and from the lungs, clean humidify and warm air |
|
|
Term
| how does the respiratory system clean air |
|
Definition
| hairs and mucus trap particulate matter |
|
|
Term
| how does the respiratory system humidify ait, why |
|
Definition
| mucous and serous secretions add moisture to protect the aveolar lining from desiccation |
|
|
Term
| how does the respiratory system warm air |
|
Definition
| superificial vascular network |
|
|
Term
| what is most of the conducting portion of the respiratory system lined with, what special featues do the cells have |
|
Definition
| respiratory epithelium with cillia, pseudostratified columnar, goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| what glands does the conducting respoiratory epithelium have, where are they located |
|
Definition
| mucous and serous, in lamina propria and submucosa |
|
|
Term
| how many cell types does the conducting respiratory epithelium have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many cells touch the basement membrane in conducting respiratory epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cell types of the conducting respiratory epithelium |
|
Definition
| ciliated columnar, goblet cells, brush cells, basal cells, small granular cells |
|
|
Term
| how many cilia does a ciliated columnar cell, what does it have in order to support their function |
|
Definition
| around 300, many mitochondria to supply ATP |
|
|
Term
| where on a goblet cells are mucous droplets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is mucous drops from a goblet cell made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what shape are brush cells, what features do they have |
|
Definition
| columnar cells with microvilli, afferent nerve endings (on basal surfaces), sensory receptors |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of basal cells, where are they not loacted |
|
Definition
| they are reserve cells that can differentate into other cell types, not in the laminal surface |
|
|
Term
| what cells resemble a basal cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many dense core granules does a granular cell contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cell is a neurocndocrine cell |
|
Definition
| small granular cell of the respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what system is a neuroendocrine cell part of |
|
Definition
| diffuse neuroendocrine system |
|
|
Term
| what is the most anterior portion of the nasal cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what glands does the vestibule of the nasal cavity contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are vibrissae, where are they located |
|
Definition
| thick short hairs of the bestivule of the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of vibrissae |
|
Definition
| filter out large particles from inspired air |
|
|
Term
| before entering the nasal fossae, what does the epithelium transition fo |
|
Definition
| non-keratinized then respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are the nasal fossae |
|
Definition
| two cavernous chambers with three conchae projecting from the lateral wall |
|
|
Term
| what seperates the nasal fossae cavities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the nasal fossae is covered by olfactory epithelium |
|
Definition
| roof and portion of the superior conchae |
|
|
Term
| if not covered by the olfactory epithelium, what is the nasal fossae covered by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the conchae, how |
|
Definition
| improve conditioning of air by providing greater surface area of contact and trublent air flow |
|
|
Term
| where are swell bodies located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the epithelium of the nasal fossae recover from desiccation |
|
Definition
| every 20-30 minutes the swell bodies on one side become engourged limiting airflow on that side |
|
|
Term
| what formation of vessels allows efficient warming of air, where are they located |
|
Definition
| in the nasal fossae there is a lattace formation of vessels arcading to the surface |
|
|
Term
| where is the olfactory mucosa located |
|
Definition
| in the roof of the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
| what are the shape of the cells in the olfactory mucosa |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of cells in the olfactory mucosa |
|
Definition
| supporting, basal, olfactory |
|
|
Term
| what color are the suppoering cells of the olfactory mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what projections do the supporting cells of the olfactory mucosa have, what are they surrounded by |
|
Definition
| microvilli, a fluid layer |
|
|
Term
| what are the basal cells of the olfactory mucosa shaped like, where are the located |
|
Definition
| round or cone shaped, at the base of the epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are olfactory cells really |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the dendrites of the olfactory cells, what do they respond to |
|
Definition
| long non-motile cilia that respond to odoriferous substances |
|
|
Term
| what forms olfactory nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what secretes the fluid layer that covers the surface of the olfactory mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the paranasal sinuses located |
|
Definition
| frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones |
|
|
Term
| what are paranasal sinuses lined with |
|
Definition
| thin respiratory epithelium, few goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| how does mucus get out of the paranasal sinuses |
|
Definition
| it drains into the nasal cavity aided by cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first part of hte larynx |
|
|
Term
| what is the nasopharynx lined by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the larynx connect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the large cartilages of the larynx |
|
Definition
| thyroid, cricoid, arythenoids |
|
|
Term
| what type of cartilage are the large cartilages of the larynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the small cartilages of the larynx |
|
Definition
| epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, tips of the arytenoids |
|
|
Term
| what type a cartilage are the small cartilages of the larynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the larnyx lined by |
|
Definition
| respitory epithelium (mostly) and stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| where is the larynx lined by stratified squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| lingul and apical epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| what are the true vocal cords |
|
Definition
| lingul and apical epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| what is the vocal ligament |
|
Definition
| large bundles of elastic fibers in the true vocal cords |
|
|
Term
| what is the trachea lined with |
|
Definition
| typical respiratory eipthelium |
|
|
Term
| what forms the skeleton of the trachea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the C rings of the trachea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what joins the open ends of the trachea |
|
Definition
| fibroelastic ligament and smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the fibroelastic ligament and smooth muscle at the open ends of the trachea |
|
Definition
| prevent overdistension and control lumen size |
|
|
Term
| what type of glands does the trachea have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides into two primary bronchi |
|
|
Term
| where does the primary bornchi enter the lung |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many times does a primary bronchi divide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the structure of the bronchi similar to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the bronchi lined with |
|
Definition
| typical respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| compart the cartilages of the bronchi to the trachea |
|
Definition
| the bronchi rings are more irregular, they are complete in the larger bronchi, in the smaller bronchi they are replaced by isolated plates |
|
|
Term
| what is beneath the epithelium of the bronchi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the smooth muscle of the bronchi arranged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what zone of the bronchi has the most prominate smooth muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of glands does the bronchi have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of fibers does the bronchi have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the many lymphocytes of the bronchi located |
|
Definition
| lamina propria and epithelium |
|
|
Term
| where are lymphatic nodules especially present in relation to the bronchi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the glands and cartilage of the bronchioles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the walls of the bronchioles made of |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle and elastic fibers, goblet cells in initial segments |
|
|
Term
| what are pulmonary lobules |
|
Definition
| pyramid shaped areas with one bronchiole entering it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin connective tissue septum |
|
|
Term
| how many terminal bronchioles does each bronchiole have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the epithelium of the bronchioles, what are the differences based on loaction, what projections in what locations |
|
Definition
| simplifies in height and complexity from ciliated pseudodtratified columnar in larger bronchioles to simple ciliated columnar of cuboidal in smaller terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| where are clara cells located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what projections of clara cells have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what granules do clara cells have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do clara cells secrete, what is their function |
|
Definition
| surface acting substances, prevent collapse and adherence of the epithelium. proteins to protect bronchiolar lining against oxidative pollutants and inflammation |
|
|
Term
| where are neuroepithelial bodies located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of neuroepithelial bodies |
|
Definition
| recieve cholinergic nerve endings, chemoreceptors that react to changes in gas composition, repair and endothelial cell renewal after injury |
|
|
Term
| what do terminal bronchioles divide into, how many |
|
Definition
| 2 or more respiratory bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| what are respiratory bronchioles a transition befteen |
|
Definition
| condicting and respiratory portions of the respiratory system |
|
|
Term
| what are respiratory bronchioles structurally identical to, except? |
|
Definition
| terminal bronchioles except their walls are interrupted by saclike aveoli |
|
|
Term
| what does the epithelium transition to at the aveolar openings |
|
Definition
| squamous aveolar lining cells |
|
|
Term
| what cells are located in the distal regions of the respiratory bronchioles |
|
Definition
| ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells change to nonciliated, clara cells present |
|
|
Term
| at what point is the resporatory bronchiole called an aveolar duct |
|
Definition
| when the opening in the wall of the respiratory bronchiole becomes so numeorus nothing else is left |
|
|
Term
| what is located between aveoli and their openings |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle that appears as knobs and dissipears distally |
|
|
Term
| what supports the aveolar ducts and aveoli |
|
Definition
| elastic and reticular fibers |
|
|
Term
| what do aveolar ducts open into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do atria communicate with |
|
Definition
| two more more aveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
| what encircles the openings of atria, aveolar sacs, and aveoli |
|
Definition
| elastic and reticular fiber complex networks |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the elastic fibers of the aveoli |
|
Definition
| allow them to expand with inspiration and contract passivly in expiration |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the reticular fibers of the aveoli |
|
Definition
| prevent overdistension and damage to the capillaries and aveolar septa |
|
|
Term
| what is the site of gas exchange between air and blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an interaveolar septum |
|
Definition
| each wall between two neighboring aveoli |
|
|
Term
| what connect adjacent aveoli, what is the function of these structures |
|
Definition
| pores that equalize pressure and promote collateral circulation if a bronchiole is obstructed |
|
|
Term
| what is the interaveolar septum mave of |
|
Definition
| two thin squamous epithelial layers with capillarie, elastic fibers, reticular fibers, connective tissue matrix, a cells between them |
|
|
Term
| what are the cells in the interaveolar septum |
|
Definition
| leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capillaries and connective tissue of the interaveolar septum |
|
|
Term
| what structures form the blood air barrier |
|
Definition
| aveolar lining, fused basal laminae of aveolar lining and endothelial cell, endothelial cell |
|
|
Term
| how is CO2 liberated from H2CO3, where does this occur |
|
Definition
| carbonic anhydrase in the RBC |
|
|
Term
| what type of endothelial lining do the capillaries of the aveolar lining have |
|
Definition
| continous, not fenestrated |
|
|
Term
| how does the capillary of the aveoli stay so thin |
|
Definition
| clustering of the nuclei and organells |
|
|
Term
| what do the flattened portions of the aveoli capillary endothelium contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most prevlient cell of the aveolar surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what shape are type one aveolar cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are organells aranged in type 1 aveolar cells, why |
|
Definition
| around the nucleus allowing large areas of the cytoplasm virtually free of organelles |
|
|
Term
| what does the thin portion of type 1 aveolar cells contain, why |
|
Definition
| pinocytotic vesicles for turnover of surfactant, removal of particulate contaminats from the surface |
|
|
Term
| what type of junctions do type 1 aveolar cells have, why |
|
Definition
| occulding to prevent leakage of tissue fluid into the aveolar air space |
|
|
Term
| how are type 2 aveolar cells aranged, where |
|
Definition
| in groups of two or three along the aveolar surface often in angles of the walls |
|
|
Term
| what type of junctions do type 2 aveolar cells have, with what other cells, what does this form |
|
Definition
| occluding junctions with type 1 forming part of the epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between the origin of type 1 and 2 aveolar cells |
|
Definition
| there is none, they divide to replace both 1 and 2 |
|
|
Term
| what makes the cytoplasm of the type 2 aveolar cells different, why is it |
|
Definition
| it is vesicular or foamy due to the lamellar bodies |
|
|
Term
| what do lamellar bodies contain |
|
Definition
| phospholipids, glycosaminoglycans, proteins |
|
|
Term
| what is the secretion of lamellar bodies called (what cells does this come from) |
|
Definition
| pumlmonary surfactant, type 2 aveolar |
|
|
Term
| where is pulmonary surfactant located once secreted |
|
Definition
| apical surface of aveolar cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of pulmonary surfactant |
|
Definition
| reduce aveolar surface tension, takes less force to inflate aveoli, prevents collapse of aveoli in expiration |
|
|
Term
| at what point in development does surfactant appear |
|
Definition
| in last weeks of gestation during fetal lung development |
|
|
Term
| what happens if a newborn is deficient in surfactant |
|
Definition
| respiratory distress syndrome |
|
|
Term
| do you keep the same surfactant all your life |
|
Definition
| no, it is constantly turned over |
|
|
Term
| what are dust cells also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are dust cells located |
|
Definition
| interior of ineraveolar septum on surface of the aveolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| debris passed from aveolar lumen to the interstitium by the phincytotic activity of type 1 aveolar cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the path of a dust cell, what is its destany |
|
Definition
| it scavanges its way to the surface and is carried up the airway, then swallowed |
|
|
Term
| what marks the begining of the trachea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do seromucus glands do |
|
Definition
| help goblet cells keep mucous moist |
|
|
Term
| what do serous glands secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the smooth muscle content of the bronchi as they decrease in diameter |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle will make up more of the bronchi branch |
|
|
Term
| what type of lymph tissue is by bronchi |
|
Definition
| diffuse lymphoid tissue with nodules |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the branches begining with primary bronchi and ending with aveoli |
|
Definition
| primary bronchi > bronchi > bronchioles > terminal branches > acenous > respiratory branches > aveolar duct > atria > aveolar sac > terminal aveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recieves terminal bronchiole and gives off respiratory bronchiole. smallest functional unit of the lung |
|
|
Term
| what do bronchioles correspond to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dilated area of aveolar ducts |
|
|
Term
| when does the respiratory diverticulum appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the respiratory diverticulum come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what transcription factors determines the location of the respiratory diverticulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lung bud formation, continued growth and differentation of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| what is the larynx, trachea, and bronchi and the rest of the lung derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cartilaginous, muscular, and connective tissue part of the lung derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| initially what is the lung bud in open communication with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what seperats the lung bud from the foregut |
|
Definition
| caudal expansion: two longitudinal ridges and the tracheoesophageal ridges |
|
|
Term
| when the lung bud seperates from the foregut ridges form, what is the destiny of these ridges |
|
Definition
| fuse to form tracheoseophageal septum |
|
|
Term
| what are the divisions of the foregut |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the dorsal portion of the foregut |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the ventral portion of the foregut |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the respiratory primordium |
|
Definition
| maintains the communication with the pharynx through the larengeal oriface |
|
|
Term
| where does the internal lining of the larynx originate from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the cartilages and muscles of the larynx originate from |
|
Definition
| mesenchyme of 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches |
|
|
Term
| as the mesenchyme of the cartilages and muscles of the larynx proliferate what happens |
|
Definition
| at the laryngeal orifaces it changes from a saggital slit to a T shape |
|
|
Term
| when the cartilages of the larynx are forming, what happens to the epithelium? what does this cause to happen? |
|
Definition
| it proliferates rapidly and occludes the lumen |
|
|
Term
| what produces the laryngeal ventricles |
|
Definition
| vacuolization and recanalization |
|
|
Term
| what are the laryngeal ventricles bound by |
|
Definition
| folds of tissue that become false and true vocal cords |
|
|
Term
| what are the laryngeal muscles innervated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the laryngeal muscles does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the laryngeal muscles does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the lung buds form |
|
Definition
| trachea and two lateral optpocketings called bronchial buds |
|
|
Term
| what do the bronchial buds form |
|
Definition
| right and left main bronchi |
|
|
Term
| what does the right main bronchi form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the left main bronchi form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what fashion do secondary bronchi divide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do secondary bronchi divide to form |
|
Definition
| tertiary or segmental bronchi, creating the bronchopulmonary segments |
|
|
Term
| how many subdivisions of the bronchi are formed by the end of the 6th month |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many subdivisions of the bronchi form in post natal life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is branching of the bronchi regulated by |
|
Definition
| interactions between endoderm of the lung buds and the splanchnic mesoderm surrounding them. the signals coming from the mesoderm involved fibroblast growth factor family |
|
|
Term
| in what directions do the lung buds expand into the body cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the pericardioperitoneal canals |
|
Definition
| spaces on each side of the foregut that the plural cavity expands into |
|
|
Term
| what seperates the folds of the pericardioperitoneal canals |
|
Definition
| pleuroperitoneal and pleuropericardial |
|
|
Term
| what are the folds of the pericardioperitoneal canals seperate into |
|
Definition
| peritoneal, pericardial, and primitive pleural cavities |
|
|
Term
| what makes the visceral pleura |
|
Definition
| mesoderm on the outside of the lung |
|
|
Term
| what makes the parietal pleura |
|
Definition
| somato mesoderm covering the inside of the body wall |
|
|
Term
| at what month do the bronchi stop dividing, what is also occuring during the divisions |
|
Definition
| month 7, vascular supply increases |
|
|
Term
| what initially makes respiration possible |
|
Definition
| some of the bronchiole lining cells become flat and associate with blood capillaries making terminal sacs or primitive aveoli |
|
|
Term
| at what month is there enough terminal sacs to provide adequate gas exchange for an infant to be born prematurly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what in the lungs is still proliferating and maturing in the last 2 prenatal months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do terminal sacs mature in structure |
|
Definition
| epithelium becoems thinner forming type 1 aveoli, associated capillaries protrude form the wall of the sacs, this contact allows formation of the blood-air barrier |
|
|
Term
| when do mature aveoli appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what aveolar cells become present in month 6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does surfactant production significantly increase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you tell if surfactant is being produced in a fetus |
|
Definition
| it can be seen in the amniotic fluid |
|
|
Term
| when do fetal breathing movements appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do pre birth fetal breathing movements cause |
|
Definition
| aspiration of amniotic fluid |
|
|
Term
| what does aspiration of amniotic fluid provide for the fetus |
|
Definition
| stimulates lung development, conditions breathing muscles |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the surfactant just before birth |
|
Definition
| most of it is resorbed into the blood and lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| what part of the lungs grows after birth |
|
Definition
| respiratory bronchioles and aveoli |
|
|
Term
| what fraction of adult aveoli are present at birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what age do aveoli stop forming |
|
Definition
| 10 yrs, later there is continous formation of new primitive aveoli |
|
|
Term
| what causes esophageal atresia and teacheoesophageal fistulas |
|
Definition
| abnormalities in partitioning of the esophagus and trachea by the tracheoesophageal septum |
|
|
Term
| what other defects are esophageal atresia and teacheoesophageal fistulas associated with |
|
Definition
| cardiac abnormalities, vertebral abnormalities, anal atresia, esophageal atresia, renal abnormalities, limb defects, tracheoesophageal fistulas, polyhydraminos, gastric contents in the trachea and lungs (pneumonitis, pneumonia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aminotic fluid may not pass into the stomach |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common development in esophageal atresia |
|
Definition
| esophagus has a dead end, trachea connects to stomach |
|
|
Term
| what are the complications with the most common form of esophageal atresia |
|
Definition
| esophagus fills during nursing and they baby spits it up, gastric juices can enter into the airway leading to chemical damage |
|
|
Term
| what are the ways the trachea can develop in esophageal atresia |
|
Definition
| most common, H type, isolated, esophagus connects to trachea nothing connected to stomach, esophagus enters trachea but has a seperate exit from it to stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| esophagus is complete but has a little part connected to trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| esophagus has no assication with trachea but has two dead ends with no way to get to stomach |
|
|
Term
| what occurs during a diaphragmatic hernia |
|
Definition
| pluraperitoneal folds and pleura do not close allowing abdominal contents to move into pleural cavity compressing lung and pushing heart and mediastinum to the side leading to pulmnary hypoplasia (poor lung development) |
|
|
Term
| what are the organs associated with the digestive tract |
|
Definition
| teeth, tounge, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder |
|
|
Term
| what salivary glands are associated with the digestive tract |
|
Definition
| parotid, submandibular, sublingual, other minor ones |
|
|
Term
| how is food broken down in the digestive tract |
|
Definition
| physically and chemically |
|
|
Term
| what processes occur in the digestive tract |
|
Definition
| ingestion, mastication, deglutition, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, secretion, defecation |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the digestive tract walls |
|
Definition
| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
|
|
Term
| what is the first layer most substances that enter the body cross |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the alimentary mucosa |
|
Definition
| secretion, absorption, barrier, immunoglogic protection |
|
|
Term
| how does the alimentary mucosa function in secretion |
|
Definition
| secrets digestive enzymes, hydrochloric acid, ,mucin, antibodies |
|
|
Term
| how does the alimentary mucosa function in abosprtion |
|
Definition
| epithelium of mucosa absorbs metabolic substrates, vitamins, water, electrolytes, recyclables like bile components cholesterol and substrates |
|
|
Term
| how does the alimentary mucosa function as a barrier |
|
Definition
| prevents substances, antiges, and pathalogic organisms |
|
|
Term
| how does the alimentary mucosa function in immunological protection |
|
Definition
| lympthatic tissue within mucosa participates in first line of immune defence |
|
|
Term
| what are the divisions of the oral cavity |
|
Definition
| vestibule and oral cavity proper |
|
|
Term
| what is the vestible of the oral cavity |
|
Definition
| space between lips, cheeks, and teeth |
|
|
Term
| what is the oral cavity proper |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the boundries of the oral cavity proper |
|
Definition
| hard palate, soft palate, floor of mouth, tounge, and oropharynx |
|
|
Term
| what are the pairs of salivary glands |
|
Definition
| parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
|
|
Term
| what are the major salivary glands surrounded by |
|
Definition
| capsule of moderatly dense connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what does the septa from the connective tissue around the salivary glands supply |
|
Definition
| secretory portions into lobes and lobules |
|
|
Term
| what do the septa of the salivary glands contain |
|
Definition
| large vessels and excretory ducts |
|
|
Term
| where do major salivary glands open |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the major salivary glands |
|
Definition
| buccal, labial, lingual, molar, palatine |
|
|
Term
| describe the capsule of the minor salivary glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the connective tissue around the acini |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes and plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the basic unit of the salivary glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the salvion consist of |
|
Definition
| acinus, intercalated duct, striated duct, excretory duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the intercalated duct located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the striated duct called that |
|
Definition
| because of the presence of basal infoldings |
|
|
Term
| where does the excretory duct empty into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of secretory acini |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do serous acini secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do serous acini contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what shape are serous acini |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what doe mucous acini contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what shape are mucous acini |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do mucous acini secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do mixed acini contain |
|
Definition
| serous and mucous secreting cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the lumen of the salivary acinus continous with |
|
Definition
| salivary ducts, as many as three sequential segments |
|
|
Term
| what are the salivary ducts |
|
Definition
| intercalated ducts, striated ducts, excretory ducts |
|
|
Term
| what is the intercalated duct content of a salivary duct proportional to |
|
Definition
| nature of acinar secretion |
|
|
Term
| describe the intercalated ducts of mucous glands, why |
|
Definition
| poorly developed because their secretions are not modified |
|
|
Term
| where is the parotid gland located |
|
Definition
| subcutanously in front of the ear |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest salivary gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is stensen's duct, where is it located |
|
Definition
| duct of parotid gland that opens into oral cavity at parotid papilla opposite second upper molar |
|
|
Term
| what are the secretory units of the parotid gland, describe them |
|
Definition
| serous and surround many long intercalated discs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is within the parotid gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a viral infection of the parotid gland, why is it scary |
|
Definition
| mumps, could infect facial nerve |
|
|
Term
| where is the submandibular gland located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| duct of the submandibular gland |
|
|
Term
| were does whartons duct open |
|
Definition
| at sublingual caruncle on either side of the lingual fenulum below the tounge |
|
|
Term
| what type of gland is the submandibular gland |
|
Definition
| serous, but some mucous acini are seen with serous demilune caps |
|
|
Term
| what is the interalated content of the submandibular gland |
|
Definition
| less exensive than parotid |
|
|
Term
| where is the sublingual gland |
|
Definition
| inferior to tounge on the floor of the oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| describe the ducts of the sublingual gland |
|
Definition
| seceral that open into submandibular dict or oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| what type of gland is the sublingual gland |
|
Definition
| mucous mostly, some mucous acini have serous demilunes |
|
|
Term
| what is a serous demilune |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are serous demilunes a remnent of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do serous demilunes contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of saliva |
|
Definition
| moisten oral mucosa and dry foods, dissolve and suspend food to stimulate taste buds, buffer, digest carbs, controls bacteria, immune |
|
|
Term
| what needs to happen before taste buds can taste something |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does saliva digest carbs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does saliva control bacteria |
|
Definition
| lysosome muramidase that lyses muramic acid in bacteria |
|
|
Term
| how does saliva participate in immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma cells in the connective tissue around secretory acini of salivary glands |
|
|
Term
| what types of IgA are released, where |
|
Definition
| dimeric and monomeric into connective tissue matrix |
|
|
Term
| what happens to IgA after entering connective tissue matrix |
|
Definition
| acinar cells internalize them with receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
|
Term
| after being endocytosed, what happens to IgA |
|
Definition
| it is secreted into the lumen of the salivary duct |
|
|
Term
| where are myoepithelial cells found |
|
Definition
| basal aspect of acinal secretory cells |
|
|
Term
| what do myoepithelial cells do |
|
Definition
| contract to move secretory products towards excretory duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aggregations of lymph tissue around a posterior opening of nasal and oral cavities |
|
|
Term
| what formation do tonsils form |
|
Definition
| tonsillar ring of waldeyers lymphatic ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| palatine, tubal, pharyngeal, lingual |
|
|
Term
| where is the masticatory mucosa located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells is the masticora mucosa |
|
Definition
| keratinized stratified squamous, sometimes parakeratinized |
|
|
Term
| what is parakeratinized epithelium similar to, except |
|
Definition
| keratinized epithelium the superificial cells do not loose their nuclei and cytoplasm does not stain with eosin |
|
|
Term
| how is masticatory mucosa keratinized eipthelium different than skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does masticora mucosa adhere to |
|
Definition
| palatine raphe, midline of hard palate |
|
|
Term
| where is lining mucosa located |
|
Definition
| lips, cheeks, aveolar mucosal surface, floor of mouth, inferior surfaces of tounge, soft palate |
|
|
Term
| what is lining mucosa covering |
|
Definition
| stratified muscle, bone, and glands |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells is lining mucosa |
|
Definition
| usually nonkeratinized but may be parakeratinized |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the nonkeratinized lining mucos |
|
Definition
| stratum basale, spinosum, superficiale |
|
|
Term
| describe the stratum basale of the lining mucosa |
|
Definition
| single layer of cells that rests on basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| describe the stratum spinosum of the lining mucosa |
|
Definition
| several cells in thickness |
|
|
Term
| describe the stratum superficiale of the lining mucosa |
|
Definition
| most superificial, also surface layer of mucosa |
|
|
Term
| what are the cells of the lining mucosa |
|
Definition
| keratinocytes, langerhands cells, melanocytes, merkels cells |
|
|
Term
| where are hte malenocytes of the lining mucosa derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the merkels cells of the lining mucosa, where are they located |
|
Definition
| modified epidermal cells, in stratum basale |
|
|
Term
| what type of muscles does the tounge have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are intrinsic muscles |
|
Definition
| have attachment outside the tounge |
|
|
Term
| what are extrinsic muscles |
|
Definition
| confined entirely to the tounge |
|
|
Term
| how do the muscle fibers of the tounge run, why |
|
Definition
| three planes perpendicular to eachother to allow for flexability and percision in tounge movements |
|
|
Term
| what is mixed in the substance of the tounge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the lingual tonsils in the lamina propria, where are they located |
|
Definition
| dorsal surface posterior tounge has smooth bulges that indicate its presence |
|
|
Term
| how is the tounge divided |
|
Definition
| anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the foramen cecum |
|
Definition
| the mark of the thyroid gland formation at the apex of the V on the tounge |
|
|
Term
| what covers the dorsal surface of the tounge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the lingual papillae and taste buds make up |
|
Definition
| specilized mucosa of the oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of lingual papillae |
|
Definition
| filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, foliate |
|
|
Term
| what are the smallest and most numerous papillae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the fungiform papillae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the circumvallate papillae located |
|
Definition
| anterior to sulcus terminalis, surrounded by a moat |
|
|
Term
| what are the largest papillae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the most rare papillae, where are they not rare |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are taste buds found |
|
Definition
| fingiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae,sides of lingual papillae |
|
|
Term
| what is the small opening in the apex of a taste bud calledd |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the non papillae taste buds found |
|
Definition
| palatoglossal arch, soft palate, posterior surface of the epiglottis, posterior wall of pharynx down to level of chorcoid cartilage |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of taste bud cells |
|
Definition
| neuroepithelial, supporting, basal |
|
|
Term
| where are neuroepithelial cells located |
|
Definition
| basal lamina to taste pore |
|
|
Term
| what apendages do neuroepithalial cells have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do neuroepithelial cells synapse |
|
Definition
| affenent process of CN VII, IX, X |
|
|
Term
| what is the turn over rate of neuroepithelial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are supporting cells of taste buds located |
|
Definition
| basal lamina to taste pore |
|
|
Term
| what apendages of supporting cells of taste buds have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do supporting cells of taste buds synapse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the basal cells of the taste buds |
|
Definition
| stem cells for supporting and neuroepithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the teeth attached to |
|
Definition
| aveolar process of maxilla and mandible |
|
|
Term
| how many teeth do adults have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many perminent teeth are preceded by baby teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the enamel made of, what is its claim to fame |
|
Definition
| hardest substance in the body, Ca hydroxyapatite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does enamel replace itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are structures of the teeth other than enamel made by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most abundent dental tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the dentin located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is dentin secreted by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what shape are odontoblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do odontoblasts contain |
|
Definition
| well developed RER, large golgi, other synthesis organells, secrete protein |
|
|
Term
| what is cementum, where is it located |
|
Definition
| thin bone like calcified tissue covering dentin of the root of the tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is cementum secreted by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are cementocytes simillar to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the vessels of cementum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to cementum when exposed or abrasion, why |
|
Definition
| it is easily removed, more perimable and softer than dentin |
|
|
Term
| what does tooth pulp consist of |
|
Definition
| loost connective tissue, vessles, nerves, odontoblasts, fibroblasts, thin collagen fibrils, ground substance |
|
|
Term
| where do blood vessels and nerves enter the pulp |
|
Definition
| tip of root, apical foramen |
|
|
Term
| what does ground substance of the pulp contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe pulp nerve fibers, what are they sensitive to |
|
Definition
| unmyelinated, sensitve only to pain |
|
|
Term
| what are the supporting tissues of teeth |
|
Definition
| alveolar margins of maxilla mand mandible, peridontal ligament and gingiva |
|
|
Term
| what does the aveolar process contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what joins tooth to bone, what does it provide |
|
Definition
| peridontal ligament, proprioception |
|
|
Term
| what is the peridontal ligament made of |
|
Definition
| fiberous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peridontal ligament and socket, peg-in-socket joint |
|
|
Term
| what is the gingiva part of |
|
Definition
| mucous membrane called gums |
|
|
Term
| what surrounds major salivary glands, which has the most |
|
Definition
| connective tissue capsule, parotid |
|
|
Term
| in order, list where secretions of glands do through |
|
Definition
| acinus, intercalated duct, striated basal infoldiings, excretory duct |
|
|
Term
| what gland has the biggest intercalated duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gland has the most striated duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gland has the most acinus duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all of the ducts in a gland |
|
|
Term
| why do serous glands have well developed intercalated and striated ducts |
|
Definition
| because cells of ducts modify (absorb or add to) secretion |
|
|
Term
| where are the lingual tosils located |
|
Definition
| in the substance of the tounge |
|
|
Term
| what are taste buds associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is enamel derived from, what are the other teeth and supporting structures derived from |
|
Definition
| ectoderm. mesoderm or neural crest |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the alimentary canal |
|
Definition
| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
|
|
Term
| what does the alimentary mucosa consist of |
|
Definition
| a lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa |
|
|
Term
| what is the lamina propria |
|
Definition
| underlying connective tissue to lining epithelium in the mucosa |
|
|
Term
| what is the muscularis mucosa |
|
Definition
| smooth m under lamina propria in alimentary canal |
|
|
Term
| what do most substances that enter the body first cross |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the mucosa |
|
Definition
| secretion, absorption, barrier, immunologic protection |
|
|
Term
| how does the mucosa function in secretion |
|
Definition
| secretes digestive enzymes at specific sites |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of digestive enzymes secreted by the mucosa |
|
Definition
| HCl, mucin, antibodies (IgA) |
|
|
Term
| what antibody is secreted by the mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the mucosa function in absorption |
|
Definition
| it absorbs substrates, vitamins, water, electrolites, recycables |
|
|
Term
| what recyclables does the mucosa absorb |
|
Definition
| bile components, cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| how does the mucosa serve as a barrier |
|
Definition
| prevents entry of bad stuff, antigens, and pathologic organisms |
|
|
Term
| how is the mucosa involved in immunologic protection |
|
Definition
| lymphatic tissue within the mucosa participates in the first line of immune defence |
|
|
Term
| what does the lamina propria contain |
|
Definition
| glands, vessels, components of the lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| what do the lymphatic tissues of the lamina propria contain |
|
Definition
| diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, eosinophils, macrophages, someites, neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the diffuse lymphatic tissue at the lymphatic nodules |
|
Definition
| gut-associated lymphatic tissue GALT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at distal small intestines, appendix, and ileum, many aggregates of lymphatic nodules |
|
|
Term
| what is the muscularis mucosa a boundry between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does contraction of the muscularis mucosa physically cause, what is the function of this |
|
Definition
| movement of the mucosa which forms ridges and valleys for absorption and secretion |
|
|
Term
| what is the submucosa made of |
|
Definition
| dense irregular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what does the submucosa contain |
|
Definition
| blood, lymphatic vessels, nerve plexus, sometimes glands |
|
|
Term
| what does the nerve plexus of the submucosa contain |
|
Definition
| visceral sensory fibers of sympathetic origin, parasympathetic ganglia, pre and post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is the plexus in the submucosa called |
|
Definition
| submucosal or meissner's plexus |
|
|
Term
| what is the muscularis externa. how is it organized |
|
Definition
| an inner circular layer of smooth muscle and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle with connective tissue in the middle |
|
|
Term
| what is the connective tissue in the muscularis externa called |
|
Definition
| myentric or auerbach's plexus |
|
|
Term
| what is in the myentric plexus |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic ganglion cells, post ganglionic fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the muscularis externa |
|
Definition
| segmentation (local contractions that move contents proximally and distally) and peristalsis |
|
|
Term
| what does the circular layer of the muscularis externa form, what is their function |
|
Definition
| sphincters that can close lumen |
|
|
Term
| what are the spinhctors of the alimentary canal |
|
Definition
| pyloric, ileocecal valve, internal anal |
|
|
Term
| does movement of the muscularis mucosa cause peristalsis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the serosa, what is it made of |
|
Definition
| a serous membrane that is made of simple squamous epithalium called mesothelium and some connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the serosa equlivaent to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the serosa contain |
|
Definition
| blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves for digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| where is the pharynx located |
|
Definition
| between oral cavity and respiratory and digestive system |
|
|
Term
| what does the pharynx cause to communicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pharynx lined with in the region continous with the esophagus |
|
Definition
| non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the pharynx lined with in the region close to the nasal cavity |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the esophagus |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the muscularis of the esophagus |
|
Definition
| innter circular and outer longitudinal |
|
|
Term
| what type of muscle is the upper 1/3 of the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of muscle is the middle 1/3 of the esophagus |
|
Definition
| skeletal and smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what type of muscle is the lower 1/3 of the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why type of cell is prevlient in the lamina propria o esophageal mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of glands are esophageal glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do esophageal glands secrete |
|
Definition
| mucous that lubricates esophageal mucosa that is slightly acidic |
|
|
Term
| describe the secretion of the cradiac glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the cardiac glands located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the stomach contents called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what processes occur in the stomach |
|
Definition
| mixing and limited partial digestion by gastric secretions |
|
|
Term
| what is food that leaves the stomach called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the histological regions of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what glands does the cardiac region of the stomach contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what glands does the fundus of the stomach contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what glands does the pylorus of the stomach contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are cardiac glands located |
|
Definition
| around opening of the esophagus into the stomach |
|
|
Term
| what do secretions of the cardiac glands make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of gastric juice |
|
Definition
| protect esophagus from acid reflux |
|
|
Term
| what type of glands are the cardiac glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are gastric pits formed |
|
Definition
| invagination of the gastric mucosa |
|
|
Term
| describe the gastric pits |
|
Definition
| simple branched tubular glands |
|
|
Term
| where are the pyloric glands located |
|
Definition
| pyloric atrium between fundus and pylorus |
|
|
Term
| describe the pyloric glands |
|
Definition
| branched, coiled, tubular |
|
|
Term
| what is the secretion of the pyloric glands |
|
Definition
| viscous, mucous in nature |
|
|
Term
| what additional cells are found in the pyloric glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organells are abundent in chief cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the apical portion of chief cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do chief cells secrete |
|
Definition
| pepsinogen and weak lipase |
|
|
Term
| what happens to prpsinogen |
|
Definition
| it is converted to pepsin when it comes in contact with acidic gastric juice |
|
|
Term
| what type of enzyme is pepsin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are parietal cells found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do parietal cells communicate with gland lumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the tubulovesicular system |
|
Definition
| reservoir of active proton pumps |
|
|
Term
| where is the tubulovesicular membrane system locate |
|
Definition
| cytoplasm adjacent to canaliculi in parietal cells |
|
|
Term
| what does the canaliculi produce, where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do parietal cells interact with substances that activate HCl secretion |
|
Definition
| gastrin, histamine, acetylcholine m receptors |
|
|
Term
| what do parietal cells secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycoprotein that forms a complex with vitamin B12 nessessary for the vitamin's aubsequent absorption in ileum |
|
|
Term
| what causes pernicious anemia |
|
Definition
| absence of parietal cells |
|
|
Term
| what is a condition characterized by the absence of parietal cells called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ususally causes an absency of parietal cells, how |
|
Definition
| parietal cells usually secrete intrinsic factor so their absence is usually caused by a B12 deficiency |
|
|
Term
| why does achlorhydria often not recognized |
|
Definition
| becuase the liver has storage of B12 so it uses that first |
|
|
Term
| what is another reasion, other than a parietal cell deficiency, that a B12 deficiency is a problem |
|
Definition
| B12 is involved in RBC production and maintience of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| what are enteroendocrine cells |
|
Definition
| basically single endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| where are enteroendocrine cells located |
|
Definition
| rest on basal lamina and do not always reach lumen of the fundic gland |
|
|
Term
| what do enteroendocrine cells release |
|
Definition
| hormones into the lamina propria |
|
|
Term
| how long do mucosal cells live |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens after a mucosal cell dies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long do parietal cells live |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long do chief and enteroendocrine cells live |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the longest component of the digestive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the small intestines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shortest and widest part of the small intestines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the duodenum begin and end |
|
Definition
| pylorus to duodenojejunal junction |
|
|
Term
| where does the jejunum begin and end |
|
Definition
| duodenojejunal junction and changes moropholgical characteristics to become ileum |
|
|
Term
| where does the ileum begin and end |
|
Definition
| continuation of th ejejunum to iileocecal junction |
|
|
Term
| what is the main site for digestion and absprotion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are enzymes found in the small intestine |
|
Definition
| glycocalyx of the microvilli of the intestinel absorptive cells or enterocytes |
|
|
Term
| what types of enzymes are there in the small intestines |
|
Definition
| disaccharidases, dipeptidases |
|
|
Term
| what secrete small intestine enzymes, where are they located on these cells |
|
Definition
| columnar intestinal cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the small intestine disaccharides |
|
Definition
| sucrase, maltase, lactase |
|
|
Term
| what does a genetic defect in lactase cause |
|
Definition
| prevents absorption of lactose, leading to lactose intolerance |
|
|
Term
| what causes lipid digestion |
|
Definition
| pancreatic lipase and bile |
|
|
Term
| where does most lipid digestion take place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a network that contains actin that microvilli attach to |
|
|
Term
| what is bound to the plasma membrane of microvilli |
|
Definition
| extracellular cell coat (glucocalyx) |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of a microvilli |
|
Definition
| actin filaments anchored to villin in the tip, actin extends down to interact with horizontal actin filaments of hte terminal wev at the base. actin is cross linked by fascin and fimbrin |
|
|
Term
| what do fascin and fimbrin cause in microvilla |
|
Definition
| they cross link actin providing rigidity |
|
|
Term
| what does myosin 1 do in microvilli |
|
Definition
| binds actin filaments to the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| what stabilizes the terminal web |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes contraction in the terminal web |
|
Definition
| myosin II and tropomyosin |
|
|
Term
| what does contraction of the terminal web cause |
|
Definition
| allows for more surface area exposire for absorption |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for absorptive intestinal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are plicae circulares |
|
Definition
| transversely oriented ridges that extend partially around lumen |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of plicae circulares |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are plicae circulares usually located |
|
Definition
| transverse folds that contain a core of submucosa |
|
|
Term
| where are plicae circulares most numerous |
|
Definition
| in the distal part of the duodenum and proximal jejunum |
|
|
Term
| where are plicae frequenly located before the reduce in size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for plicae circulares |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are interstinal villi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are interstitial villi located |
|
Definition
| completely covering the mucosa |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of interstitial villi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the surface of interstinal villi made of |
|
Definition
| simple columnar and goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| what are lacteals, where are they located |
|
Definition
| lymphatic vessels at the core of villi |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for crypts of lieberkuhn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are crypts of lieverkuhn, what is their function |
|
Definition
| simple tubular glands, increase intestinal surface area |
|
|
Term
| what form crypts of lieberkuhn |
|
Definition
| invaginations of the mucosa between adjacent interstinal villi |
|
|
Term
| where are brunner's glands located |
|
Definition
| submucosa of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what are brunner's glands use for medically |
|
Definition
| diagnostic feature of duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what kind of glands are brunner's glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do brunner's glands secrete |
|
Definition
| alkaline secretions with neutral and alkalin glycoproteins and bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the secretions of brunner's glands |
|
Definition
| help neutralize acidic chyme |
|
|
Term
| what do brunner's glands work with to neutralize chyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are peyer's patches most abundent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can peyer's patches help us diagnostically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do goblet cells make mucous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do goblet cells increase in number in the alimentry canal |
|
Definition
| duodenum to terminal ileum |
|
|
Term
| what are the defence mechanisms of the alimentary canal |
|
Definition
| peyer's patches and M cells, IgA, paneth cells, acidity of gastric juice, peristalsis |
|
|
Term
| how do peyer's patches and M cells defend |
|
Definition
| perform cellular surveillance of antigens present in intestinal lumen |
|
|
Term
| what makes IgA in the alimentary canal, what does it do |
|
Definition
| plasma cells, neutralizes antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contribute antimicrobial peptides to control bacterial normal flora |
|
|
Term
| how does gastric juice contribute to defence |
|
Definition
| inactivates ingested microbes |
|
|
Term
| how does peristalsis contribute to defence |
|
Definition
| prevents colonization of bacteria |
|
|
Term
| where are paneth cells located |
|
Definition
| bases of intestinal glands |
|
|
Term
| what do secretory granules of paneth cells contain |
|
Definition
| lysozome, a-defensins, glocoproteins, argining-rich protein, zinc |
|
|
Term
| why is there arginine rich protein in paneth cells |
|
Definition
| intense acidophilia or esinophilia of paneth cells |
|
|
Term
| where do plasma cells secrete IgA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does IgA do in the alamentary canal |
|
Definition
| dimerizes and binds to receptors on enterocytes and enters cells by endocytosis, IgA dimers are carried into the apical surface of the cell (transcyotsis) where the vescile is secreted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toxins, antigens, microbes in the lumen of the gut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic inflammation that involves small intestines and sometimes large |
|
|
Term
| what physologically crohn's disease |
|
Definition
| neutrophils, ly,phocytes, and macrophages make cytokines that cause damage to the interstinal mucusa. neutrophils inflitrate crypts of lieberkuhn which destories intestinal glands with crypt abcesses and progressive atrophy and ulceration of the mucosa |
|
|
Term
| what are complications with crohn's disease |
|
Definition
| occlusion of the intestinal lumen, formations of fistulas in other segments of the intestine and intestinal perforation |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of crohn's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what side complication do people with crohn's disease have |
|
Definition
| a 3x increased risk for cancer |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the large intestines |
|
Definition
| cecum, appendix, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal |
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of the large intestines |
|
Definition
| reabsorption of electrolytes and water as well as elimination of undigested foor and waste |
|
|
Term
| what are the teniae coli made of, where are they |
|
Definition
| longitudinal muscle bands on large intestine surface |
|
|
Term
| what are the saculations in the large intestines called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contractions of the teniae coli |
|
|
Term
| what glands does the mucosa of the large intestines have |
|
Definition
| intestinal lands, crypts of lieberkuhn |
|
|
Term
| where are the intestinal glands in the large intestine mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cells of the large intestine mucosa |
|
Definition
| absorptive epithelial cells, goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the appendix similar to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is there many of near the appendix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when fecolith or other forigen objects become lodged in the lumen |
|
|
Term
| in what gender does appendicidis occur more in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is located just below the anal column |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pectinate line mark |
|
Definition
| junction between endodermal and ectodermal derivatives and a change in atrial supply |
|
|
Term
| where is the colorectal zone, what is it made of |
|
Definition
| in uper 1/3 of anal canal, simple columnar |
|
|
Term
| where is the anal transition zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the anal transition zone made of |
|
Definition
| stratified columnar between simple cilumnar and stratified squamous |
|
|
Term
| where is the squamous zone located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the squamous zone lined with |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the squamous zone continuious with (other than the anal transition) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for hirschsprug's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cause hirschsprug's disease (this is really long i wasnt feeling creative) |
|
Definition
| mutations in one to four different genes that prevent migration and differentiation of neural crest cells into neurons of the enteric nervous system, the lack of migration to a segment of the colon results in aganglionosis where meissner's plexus and auerbach's plexus do not form. the anaglionic segment is permanently contracted preventing entry of colon contents causing constipation and distension or megacolon. |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for hirschsprug's disease |
|
Definition
| surgical removal of the affected part of the colon |
|
|
Term
| YOU NEED TO KNOW THIS, WHAT IS INTRINSIC FACTOR? WHAT IS ITS FUNCTION? |
|
Definition
| glycoprotein that forms a complex with B12 nessescary for vitamins absorption in the ileum |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS INTRINSIC FACTOR SECRETED BY UNICORN UNICORN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHERE ARE PARIETAL CELLS KNOW ME KNOW ME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE PARIETAL CELLS MEMBERS OF, WHAT PURPOSE KNOW KNOW KNOW |
|
Definition
| TUBULOVESICULAR SYSTEM, RESIVOUR OF ACTIVE PROTON PUMPS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU DONT HAVE PARIETAL CELLS KNOW KNOW KNOW |
|
Definition
| B12 DEFICIENCY, PERNICIOUS ANEMIA, ACHLORHYDRIA |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS VITAMIN B12 NEEDED FOR KNOW ME KNOW ME KNOW ME |
|
Definition
| RBC PRODUCTION AND MAINTIENCE OF CNS |
|
|
Term
| what is a diagnostic feature of the ileum KNOW ME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are peyer's patches a diagnostic feature of KNOW ME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the only immunoglobin that can be selectively passed across mucosa to lumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the large intestine covered by |
|
Definition
| thin connective tissue (glisson's capsule) that is thicker at the hilum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the liver |
|
Definition
| makes plasma proteins, storest and converts vitamins and iron, degrades toxins and drugs |
|
|
Term
| what plasma proteins does the liver make |
|
Definition
| labumin, lipoproteins, fibrinogen, clotting proteins, alpha and beta globuins |
|
|
Term
| what vitamins does the liver store and convert |
|
Definition
| vitamin A, vitamin d, vitamin K |
|
|
Term
| what does the liver do the drugs and toxins |
|
Definition
| converts them to more soluble forms |
|
|
Term
| what glucose metabolic pathways is the liver involved in |
|
Definition
| glycogen synthesis, glycogenolysis, glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| what lipid metabolic pathways is the liver involved in |
|
Definition
| beta oxidation of FA, ketone body synthesis, cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| what cholesterol compounds does the liver have a role in |
|
Definition
| bile salts, VLDL, organells |
|
|
Term
| what role does the liver have in amino acid metabolism |
|
Definition
| non-essential amino acid synthesis, urea synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what are the exocrine functions of the liver |
|
Definition
| phospholipids, cholesterol, bile salts |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of bile |
|
Definition
| aid in absorption of lipids from the intestine, dispose of conjugated and degraded waste products |
|
|
Term
| what are the endocrine functions of the liver |
|
Definition
| modify structure and function of many hormones |
|
|
Term
| what hormones does the liver modify |
|
Definition
| vitamin D, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, glucagon |
|
|
Term
| describe the dual blood supply of the liver |
|
Definition
| venous (portal) supply via hepatic portal vein and arterial supply via hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
| how much of the blood supply to the liver is venous portal blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does venous portal blood come from |
|
Definition
| intestines, pancreas, spleen |
|
|
Term
| what does the venous portal blood carry to the liver |
|
Definition
| nutrients and toxic materials absorbed in the intestines, blood cells and breakdown products of blood cells from the spleen, endocrine secretions from the pancreas and enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract |
|
|
Term
| where does the venous and arterial blood of the liver mix |
|
Definition
| before perfusing the hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the liver in regard to structural organization |
|
Definition
| parenchyma, connective tissue stroma, sinusoidal capillaries, perisinusoidal spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organized plates of hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| what is the connective tissue stroma continous with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is within the connective tissue stroma of the liver |
|
Definition
| blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, bile ducts |
|
|
Term
| what are sinusoidal capillaries (hepatic sinudoids) |
|
Definition
| vascular channels between plates of hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| where are perisinusoidal spaces (spaces of Disse) |
|
Definition
| between sinusoidal endothelium and hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| what are the thiree ways to describe the structure of the liver |
|
Definition
| classic lobule, portal lobule, liver acinus |
|
|
Term
| what is the classic lobule based on |
|
Definition
| distribution of branches of the portal vein and heptaic artery and the path of blood flowing through hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| what is the main component of hte classic lobule |
|
Definition
| stacks of anastomosing plates of hepatocytes seperated by sinusoidal capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what is in the center of the classic lobule |
|
Definition
| terminal hepatic venule (central vein) |
|
|
Term
| what are around the edges of the classic lobule |
|
Definition
| portal areas of canals containing portal triads |
|
|
Term
| what does the portal lobule emphasize |
|
Definition
| exocrine function of the liver, bile production and secretion |
|
|
Term
| what is the portal lobule shaped like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the center of the portal lobule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are around the corners of the portal lobule |
|
Definition
| central vein / terminal hepatic venule |
|
|
Term
| how does bile flow in the portal lobule |
|
Definition
| within hepatic plates to the bild duct in the portal area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structural unit that gives best correlation between blood perfusion, metabolic activity, and liver pathology |
|
|
Term
| describe the shape of the liver acinus |
|
Definition
| short axis extends between two adjacent portal areas, long axis extends between two terminal hepatic venules |
|
|
Term
| what is zonation, where does it occur |
|
Definition
| in the liver acinus zonation describes the interpertation of patterns of degeneration, regeneration, and specific toxic effects |
|
|
Term
| what is the benifits of being in zone 1 |
|
Definition
| first to recieve oxygen, nutrients, and toxins from the blood |
|
|
Term
| what are the risks of being in zone 1 |
|
Definition
| first to show effects of bile duct obstruction |
|
|
Term
| what are the benifits of being in zone 3 |
|
Definition
| last to respond dto toxins and bile stasis |
|
|
Term
| what are the risks of being in zone 3 |
|
Definition
| first to show effects of reduced perfusion |
|
|
Term
| other than avability to nutrients, what else is different between the zones |
|
Definition
| variation of enzyme activity and number and size of organelles and size of glycogen deposits across zones |
|
|
Term
| what type of capillaries are the hepatic sinusoids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes the heptaic sinusoids so leaky |
|
Definition
| large fenestrae without diaphragms within the endothelium, large gaps between neighbopring endothelial cells, discontinous lamina absent over large areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stellate sinusoidal macrophages that are a part of hepatic sinusoid lining |
|
|
Term
| where is the perisinusoidal space |
|
Definition
| between basal surfaces of the hepatocytes and basal surfaces of the endothelial and kupuffer cells that line sinusoids |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in the perisinusoidal space |
|
Definition
| exchange of materials between blood and liver cells |
|
|
Term
| describe the significant barrier between blood plasma and hepatocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the fetal liver what is located in the perisinusoidal space |
|
Definition
| islands of blood forming cells |
|
|
Term
| what cells are in the perisinusoidal space |
|
Definition
| blood forming in fetus, hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| store hepatic vitamin A withing cytoplasmic lipid droplets |
|
|
Term
| what happens to Ito cells in pathologic conditions |
|
Definition
| they loose their lipid and vitamin A storage capability and differentiate into myofibroblasts, seem to play a role in hepatic fibrogenesis resulting in liver fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| where does plasma from perisinusoidal space drain into |
|
Definition
| periportal area into small area called space of Mall |
|
|
Term
| where does the fluid in the space of Mall go |
|
Definition
| lymphatic capillaries in the portal canals |
|
|
Term
| where does a major portion of thoracic duct lymph come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the only thing that stays in the sinusoidal capillaries, what leaks into the perisinosal space |
|
Definition
| cells stay in plasma leaks out |
|
|
Term
| describe the normal turn over rate of hepatocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the turn over rate for hepatocytes when killed by toxins, disease, or surgery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the prodominate organells of hepatocytes |
|
Definition
| RER, golgi, SER, lysosomes, peroxisomes |
|
|
Term
| what does the SER of a hepatocyte do |
|
Definition
| oxidation, methlyation, and conjugation required for inactivation and detoxification of various substances before excretion |
|
|
Term
| what do peroxisomes of hepatocytes fo |
|
Definition
| oxidation of FA, breakdown of purines, synthesis of cholesterol, bile acids, some myelin lipids |
|
|
Term
| what is a bile caniculus, formed by, location |
|
Definition
| a small canal formed by apposed groves in the surface of adjavent hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| describe the flow of bile ina hepatocytes |
|
Definition
| flows from region of central vein to portal canal |
|
|
Term
| what do hepatocytes secrete bile into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a intrahepatic ductule |
|
Definition
| near portal canals bile canaliculi join to form interhepatic ductules (canals of Hering) |
|
|
Term
| what partially lines canals of Hering |
|
Definition
| hepatocytes and cholangiocytes |
|
|
Term
| where do interhepatic ductules drain into |
|
Definition
| interlobular bile ducts in portal canals |
|
|
Term
| what do interlobular bile ducts of portal canals lead to |
|
Definition
| extrahepatic bile ducts that deliver bile to the gall bladder and duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what are the cells of the gallbladder mucosa |
|
Definition
| somple columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what does the gallbladder wall have a layer of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the mucosa texture of the gallbladder, what special feature does this have histologically |
|
Definition
| mucosa has folds and the epithelial cells have many mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of the gallbladder |
|
Definition
| store bile, concentrate it, and release it when necessary to the digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| what induces contraction of the gallbladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enteroendocrine cells of small intestine |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates CCK release |
|
Definition
| presence of dietary fats in small intestine |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreas produce in general |
|
Definition
| digestive enzymes, hormones |
|
|
Term
| where is the exocrine portion of the pancreas located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the endocrine portion of the pancreas located |
|
Definition
| in masses called islets of langerhans dispersed through out the organ |
|
|
Term
| hat kind of gland is the exocrine glands of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the serous cells of the exocrine pancreas |
|
Definition
| highly polarized with spherical nucleus, typical protein secreting cells |
|
|
Term
| what do acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas store and release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the number of zygomen granules in the exocrine pancreas |
|
Definition
| varies with digestive phase |
|
|
Term
| what do pancreas exocrine acini empty into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the initial portion of the intercalated ducts of exocrine pancreas |
|
Definition
| penetrate lumen of acini and are made of centroacinal cells which are the interacinal portion of hte intercalated duct |
|
|
Term
| what are intercalated ducts tributaries of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are interlobular ducts lined with, where |
|
Definition
| columnar epithelium within connective tissue septum |
|
|
Term
| what are the exocrine products of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| proteolytic enzymes, amylase, lipases, nucleases |
|
|
Term
| what proteolytc enzymes does th epancreas make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are proenzymes activated |
|
Definition
| in lumen of small intestines after secretion |
|
|
Term
| where are proenzymes stored |
|
Definition
| secretory granules of acinar cells |
|
|
Term
| what does enterokinase do |
|
Definition
| cleave trypsinogen to form trypsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activates proteolytic enzymes 9not enterokinase) in cascade |
|
|
Term
| what protects the pancreas from active enzymes |
|
Definition
| trypsin needs to be activated to activate other enzymes, protease inhibitors made by acinal cells |
|
|
Term
| what is pancreatic secretion controlled by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes secretin and CCK |
|
Definition
| enteroendocrine cells of intestinal mucosa in duodenum and jejunum |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates secretin release |
|
Definition
| gastric acid, low pH in intestinal lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes duct cells to secrete large volume of fluid that is rich in barcobinate but has little or noenzyme content that neutralizes acid which allows pancreatic enzymes to function at optiomal ph |
|
|
Term
| what triggers CCK release |
|
Definition
| long chain FA, gastric acid, some AA in intestinal lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes acinar cells to secrete proenzymes |
|
|
Term
| together, what do secretin and CCK do |
|
Definition
| cause secretion of large volume of protein rich alkaline pancreatic fluid |
|
|
Term
| what do the islets of langerhands consist of |
|
Definition
| cords of polygonal cells invested in a network of fenestrated capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what are the major islets of langerhans cell types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are B cells located |
|
Definition
| central endocrine pancreas |
|
|
Term
| which is the most abundent islet of langerhan cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are A cells located |
|
Definition
| peripherial endocrine pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are D cells located |
|
Definition
| peripherial endocrine pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the minor cells of endocrine pancrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do D-1 cells secrete |
|
Definition
| vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretin, motilin, substance P |
|
|
Term
| what is the major function of the endocrine pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does somatostatin do |
|
Definition
| inhibits insulin and glucagon |
|
|
Term
| as the embryo grows how does it fold |
|
Definition
| cephalocaudal (head to tail) |
|
|
Term
| as a result of folding, what happens to the endoderm lined yolk sac |
|
Definition
| cavity becomes incorporated into embryo forming primitive gut |
|
|
Term
| after the foregut is formed what remains outside the embryo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the primitive gut tube extend to and fron |
|
Definition
| buccopharyngeal membrane to cloacal membrane |
|
|
Term
| what do the buccopharyngeal and cloacal membranes consist of |
|
Definition
| tighrly adherent ectodermal and endodermal cells |
|
|
Term
| what end of the gut tube is the foregut on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what end of the gut tube is the hindgut |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the vitilline duct attach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the divisions of the gut tube |
|
Definition
| pharyngeal gut, foregut, midgut, hindgut |
|
|
Term
| what are the boundries of the pharyngeal gut |
|
Definition
| extendf from bubbopharyngeal membrane to the tracheobronchial diverticulum |
|
|
Term
| what are the boundries of the foregut |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the boundries of the midgut |
|
Definition
| liver bud to the point between the right 2/3 of the transverse colon to the left 1/3 of the transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| what are the boundries of the hind gut |
|
Definition
| left 1/3 of the transverse colon tot he cloacal membrane |
|
|
Term
| what forms the epithelial lining of the digestive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms hepatocytes of liver and endocrine cells of pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms stroma (CT) of glands of the gut tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms muscle, CT, peritoneal components of the gut wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remaining small intestines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large intestines and rectum |
|
|
Term
| what does initial partitioning of the gut tube depend on |
|
Definition
| trciprocal interactions between endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm adjacent to gut tube |
|
|
Term
| what regulates mesoderm endoderm interaction in the gut tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is sonic hedge hog expressed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does sonic hedge hog do |
|
Definition
| upregulates factors in the mesoderm that determine type of structure that forms |
|
|
Term
| what does mesoderm dictate in the gut tube |
|
Definition
| determines type of structure that forms |
|
|
Term
| what do cells of somatic mesoderm that line intraembryonic cavity become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the mesothelium of the gut tube form |
|
Definition
| parietal layer of the serous membranes that line outside of the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities |
|
|
Term
| what do cells of the splanchnic mesoderm layer in the gut tube form |
|
Definition
| visceral layer of serious membranes covering abdominal organs, lungs, heart |
|
|
Term
| what is the dorsal mesentary |
|
Definition
| the area where visceral and parietal layers of the serous membrane are continous and suspend the gut tube in the peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double layers of peritonieum |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of mesentaries |
|
Definition
| path for bessels, nerves, and lymphatics to organs. suspend portions of gut from body |
|
|
Term
| what does intraperitoneal mean |
|
Definition
| organs suspended by mesentaries |
|
|
Term
| what does retroperitoneal mean |
|
Definition
| organs against posterior body wall covered by peritonieym on anterior surface |
|
|
Term
| what is a peritoneal ligament |
|
Definition
| double layer of peritoneum that passes from one organ to another or to the body wall |
|
|
Term
| when does the respiratory diverticulum appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the respiratory diverticulum appear |
|
Definition
| at border with pharyngeal gut |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for respiratory diverticulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the foregut divide into |
|
Definition
| ventral respiratory primordium and distal esophagus |
|
|
Term
| what causes the esophagus to lengthen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the muscular coat of the esophagus derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the upper 2/3 of the esophagus innervated by, why |
|
Definition
| vagus it is skeletal and smooth |
|
|
Term
| what is the lower 1/3 of the esophagus innervated by, why |
|
Definition
| splanchnic plexus, smooth m |
|
|
Term
| what does the stomach first appear as |
|
Definition
| fusiform dilation of foregut |
|
|
Term
| when does the stomach appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the stomach move during development |
|
Definition
| rotates 90 deg: left side is now anterior, right is now posterior, origional posterior side grows faster becoming greater curve, origional anterior side is lesser curve |
|
|
Term
| what is the duodenum formed from |
|
Definition
| terminal part of foregut and cephalic part of midgut |
|
|
Term
| where is the junction of the duodenal parts in development in relation to the liver bud |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the C shape of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens do the duodenum in month 2 |
|
Definition
| lumen proliferates, fills, and is obliterated, it the recanlilzes |
|
|
Term
| why does the duodenum blood supply come from different vessels |
|
Definition
| because it is of foregut and midgut origin |
|
|
Term
| what artery supplies the foregut |
|
Definition
| branches of the celiac trunk |
|
|
Term
| what artery supplies the midgut |
|
Definition
| branches of superior mesenteric |
|
|
Term
| when does liver primodrium appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the liver bud grow from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the liver bud penetrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the septum transversum |
|
Definition
| mesodermal plate inbetween pericardial cavity and yolk stalk |
|
|
Term
| what does the septum transversum form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does the bild duct form |
|
Definition
| penetration of septum transversum and connection with foregut narrows |
|
|
Term
| what does the gallbladder and cystic duct form from |
|
Definition
| ventral outgrowth of bile duct |
|
|
Term
| what forms hepatic sinusoids |
|
Definition
| epithelial liver cords mingle with vitelline veins and umbilical veins |
|
|
Term
| what does the liver cord differentiate into |
|
Definition
| liver parenchyma, lining of bile duct |
|
|
Term
| what does the mesoderm of the septum transversum turn into |
|
Definition
| hematopoietic stem cells (kpuffer cells) and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| why ini the 10th week of development is the liver 10% of the total body weight |
|
Definition
| many sinusoids and hematopoietic gunction |
|
|
Term
| what areas of the liver make RBC and WBC |
|
Definition
| large clusters of proliferating hematopoietic stem cells between hepatic cells and vesel walls |
|
|
Term
| when does hematopoietic activy slow down in the liver, what does this cause |
|
Definition
| 2 months, but some tissue still remains at birth, 5% body weight drop |
|
|
Term
| in what week do hepatic cells begin to form bile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the molecular regulation of the liver |
|
Definition
| the entire foregut has the potential to make the liver but it is constantly blocked by factors in the surrounding tissues (endoderm, non-cardiac mesoderm, notochord), in the area it is made the blocking factors are blocked |
|
|
Term
| what blocks the blocking factors stopping liver production |
|
Definition
| FGF2 from the cardiac mesoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enhance competence of the prospective liver endoderm to respond to FGF2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells in liver field differentiate into hepatocytes and biliary cell lineages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two buds from endoderm: dorsal and ventral |
|
|
Term
| what does the rotation of the duodenum do to the pancreas |
|
Definition
| ventral duct moves to liw below dorsal pancreatic dub |
|
|
Term
| what does the main pancratic duct form from |
|
Definition
| distal dorsal pancratic duct and all of the ventral duct |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the proximal portion of the dorsal pancreatic duct |
|
Definition
| it is either obliterated or is the accessory duct |
|
|
Term
| where are the FGF2 and activin made in pancreas development |
|
Definition
| notochord and epithelium of dorsal aorta |
|
|
Term
| what do FGF2 and acrivin do |
|
Definition
| repress SHH expression in gut endoderm destined to form dorsal pancreatic dud |
|
|
Term
| what is the ventral pancreatic bud induced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the PDX gene do |
|
Definition
| master gene for pancreas development |
|
|
Term
| what specifies the endocrine cell lineage of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do cells expressing PAX4 and 6 become |
|
Definition
| beta cells, delta cells, gamma cells |
|
|
Term
| what does cells expressing PAX6 become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as the gut tube elongates what forms, in general |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the vitiline duct appear |
|
Definition
| at the apex of the primary loop |
|
|
Term
| what does the vitiline duct connect |
|
Definition
| yolk sac to intestinal loop |
|
|
Term
| which side of the primary intestinal loop grows faster |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the limbs of the intestinal loop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the cephalic limb of intestinal loop make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the caudal limb of the intestinal loop make |
|
Definition
| ileum, cecum, ascending colon, 2/3 of transverse colon, appendix |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in physiological herniation, why |
|
Definition
| rapid growth of gut tube, abdominal cavity is too small, loop goes into extra embryonic cavity in the umbilical cord |
|
|
Term
| approx when does physiological herniation ocur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the axis the gut tube rotates around during development |
|
Definition
| superior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| total, what is the rotation of the gut tube |
|
Definition
| 270 deg counter clockwise |
|
|
Term
| why do loops form in the small intestines |
|
Definition
| elongation continues and loops form so it will fit |
|
|
Term
| the gut tube rotates 270 deg in development: what are the components of this rotation, where do they happen |
|
Definition
| 90 deg is during herniation, 180 deg is during intestinal loop formation |
|
|
Term
| why do the intestines go back into the abdominal cavity |
|
Definition
| room has been made: liver is smaller, kidney regreses, the cavity is bigger |
|
|
Term
| about when do the intestines move back into the abdominal cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what re-enters the abdominal cavity first after herniation, where does it go, what does this do to its shape |
|
Definition
| jejunum comes in an makes diagional coils due to its diagonal descent |
|
|
Term
| what re-enters the abdomination cavity second after herniation, where does it go |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the last thing to re-enter the abdominal cavity after herniation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does the cecal bud begin to form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the formation of the cecal bud and its descent from re-enterence into the abdominal cavity |
|
Definition
| conical dilation in caudal loop, it starts on the upper right and descends to iliac fossa over time as appendix forms |
|
|
Term
| what are the common locations of the appendix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the appendix commonly retrocecal or retrocolic |
|
Definition
| because it forms as the cecum is descending and is dragged up behind it |
|
|
Term
| what develops from the hind gut |
|
Definition
| distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, upper anal canal |
|
|
Term
| what does the endoderm from the hindgut form |
|
Definition
| bladder lining and urethra |
|
|
Term
| what forms the primitive anorectal canal |
|
Definition
| cloacal part of the hindgut entering the posterior cloaca |
|
|
Term
| what forms the primitive urogenital sinus |
|
Definition
| allantos part of the hindgut entering the anterior cloaca |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endoderm lined cavity, bound at enterence by endoderm (cloacal membrane). forms urogenital and hindgut place to empty |
|
|
Term
| what forms the urorectal septa |
|
Definition
| mesothelium of allentos and yolk sac |
|
|
Term
| what does the urorectal septa seperate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does the urorectal septa form, what events are happening |
|
Definition
| during growth and caudal folding |
|
|
Term
| what does the urorectal septa come close to and never touch? what then happens to this structure? when? |
|
Definition
| cloacal membrane. week 7 it reupures |
|
|
Term
| what does the cloacal membrane form when it ruptures |
|
Definition
| anal canal and ventral urogenital sinus |
|
|
Term
| what closes off the anal canal, when |
|
Definition
| week 7, proliferation of ECTODERM |
|
|
Term
| what does prolieration of ECTODERM CLOSE OFF IN DIGESTIVE DEVELOPMENT KNOW THIS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the caudal end of the anal canal come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the crainial end of the anal canal come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what supplies blood to the caudal anal canal, where does it come from |
|
Definition
| internal pudendial gives inferior rectal a |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the caudal end of the anal canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does blood supply for the cranial end of the anal canal come from, what is it a branch of |
|
Definition
| inferior mesenteric gives superior rectal a |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the cranial anal canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pectinate line seperate |
|
Definition
| ectoderm and endoderm origin in the anal canal, blood supply and tissue changes |
|
|
Term
| what happens after the ectoderm closes off the anal canal, when |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes gastroschisis |
|
Definition
| herniation of abdominal viscera into abdominal cavity lateral to umbilicus |
|
|
Term
| what is a dangerous possibility when someone has gastroschisis |
|
Definition
| the organs out in the amniotic fluid could be damaged by the fluid |
|
|
Term
| how can you tell if someone has gastroschisis |
|
Definition
| a-fetoprotein will show in amniotic fluid |
|
|
Term
| what situation or description of people would indicate increased risk for gastroschisis |
|
Definition
| males, children of a mother who did cocaine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NOT a chromosome abnormaility |
|
|
Term
| how can gastroschisis be treated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| herniation of the abdominal viscera through enlarged umbilical ring |
|
|
Term
| how is omphalocele different from gastroschisis |
|
Definition
| the abdominal organs have amnion covering and it is caused by the bowl not returning properlly due to a chromosome abnormaility |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of omphalocele |
|
Definition
| high mortality, cardiac and neural tube defects, malformation |
|
|
Term
| what causes meckel's diverticulum KNOW ME |
|
Definition
| vitiline duct stays forming ileum outpocket called ileal diverticulum |
|
|
Term
| what are the normal symptoms of meckel's diverticulum KNOW ME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the rare symtpoms of meckel's diverticulum, what causes them KNOW ME KNOW ME |
|
Definition
| it has heterotrphic pancreatic tissue or gastric mucosa in it that can cause ulceration, bleeding, perforation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where can atresia and stenosis occur KNOW KNOW KNOW |
|
Definition
| anywhere in gut but MOSTLY IN THE DUODENUM |
|
|
Term
| WHAT OCCURS MOSTLY IN THE DUODENUM KNOW KNOW KNOW |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does atresia or stenosis occur in the upper duodenum |
|
Definition
| because of poor recanalization |
|
|
Term
| why does atresia or stenosis occur in the middle and lower duodenum |
|
Definition
| vessel occlusion or decrease so segment dies and causes narrowing or loss or segment |
|
|
Term
| what cause retrotrthreal and rectovaginal fistulas |
|
Definition
| abnormal cloacal or urorectal septum formation because cloaca is too small, rectum is not caudal enough, hindgut shifts, etc |
|
|
Term
| what causes rectoanal atresia |
|
Definition
| usually vascular issue, loss of rectum or anus |
|
|
Term
| what cause imperforate anus |
|
Definition
| anal membrane does not break down |
|
|
