1) similar basic chemistry

2) reproduce themselves

3)use energy for metabolic activities

4)plasma membrane

5) environmental stimuli

1)microscopy

2)cell isolation and fractionation

3) cell culture

species that are extensively studied to understand particular biological problems

-short life cycle and easy to handle

interactions when atoms approach each other closely

relatively weak

Lipids-fatty acids

Nucleic acids-nucleotides

Sugar-monosaccharides

Protein-amino acids

have a negatively charge phosphate group

integral part of cell membranes

polymers of sugars composed of monosaccharides

-fuel and building materials

have common amino group and carboxyl group

building block of proteins

-based on structure of side chain

1) nonpolar-hydrophobic

2)polar-hydrophyllic

3)electrically charged

1)primary-sequence

2)secondary-local folding

3)tertiary-long-range folding

4)quartenary-multimeric organization

5) supramolecular- large scale assemblies

local folding of polypeptides

alpha helix and beta sheet-stabilized by H bonds

formed from different segments of polypeptide

backbones parallel to each other

structure resulting from interactions among various side chains

stabilized my non covalent bonds

association of 2 or more polypeptides to form functional protein

noncovalent interaction

a tetramer of alpha2beta2

carries oxygen in red blood cells

globular-hemoglobin

fibrous and filament- collagens, keratin, actin

molecules that bind to proteins (other proteins, ions)

ex. enzyme/substrate

1) highly specific

2) highly efficient

3) not consumed in rxn

4) highly regulated

5) speed up rxns by lowering activation energy

1)gene expression

2)cellular localization

3) degradation by proteins

4) conformational change

transfer of a phosphate group from ATP at Ser, Thr or Tyr catalyzed by protein kinase to change conformation (activity)

-effect reversed by dephosphorylation via a phosphotase

5 carbon sugar

phosphate group

nitrogenous base

1) anti parallel position

2) stabilized by H bonds and hydrophobic interactions

the DNA-protein complex found in cells in interphase

dispersed throughout the nucleus

13 year project

-to identify all genes in humans

-to determine sequences

-store in databases

genes provide intstruction for proteins

use transcription and translatiion to transmit that info into a protein

all cells follow cells follow the same principle

1) sugar is ribose in RNA

2) thymine is replaced by uracil

3) single stranded

serve as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids during translation

-have cloverleaf shape

-anti-codon region

-amino acid region (3')

a regulatory region of DNA located upstream of gene

-initiation point for gene transcription

1)5' capping

2) RNA splicing

3) 3' poly (A) adenylation

1)protects mRNA from enzymatic degradation

2) assists export of mRNA from nucleus to the cytoplasm

3) assists in translation

removal of 5' sequence

add CCA sequence to 3'

modification of bases results in non-covalent bases

remove introns

start codon

encodes methionine

UAA, UGA, UAG

stop protein synthesis

catalyzed coupling specific amino acids with compatible tRNA

cells isolated from normal tissues

limited life span

monolayer

contact inhibition

cells derive from genetically modified cells

such as cells from tumor tissues

grow indefinitely

no contact inhibition

FACS

separates different cells by fluorescence

includes two steps to separate organelles of the cell:

1) homogenization- breaking cells or tissues apart by physical or chemical methods

2) centrifugation- organelles will settle down at rates based on size, shape and density

-2o micrometers

bright field microscope-light directly through cells

phase- contrast- shows variations in density of cell

differential interference contrast microscope- densities of cells modified

dark field- cell viewed as bright object

use electron beam and electromagnetic lens

.1nm