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Which statement best explains the difference between transcription and translation?
a.) Transcription occurs in prokaryotes, translation occurs in eukaryotes
b.) Transcription requires the formation of peptide bonds, translation requires the formation of ester bonds.
c.) Transcription requires the unfolding of proteins, translation requires the unfolding of nucleic acids.
d.) Transcription copies one nucleotide sequence to another, translation converts a nucleic acid sequence into an amino acid sequence.
e.) Transcription happens in all organisms, translation occurs in occurs in eukaryotes only. |
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Can Microtubules form in the absence of yTuRC?
a.) Yes, they can spontaneously polymerize in a test tube.
b.) Yes, they can form branches of existing microtubules.
c.) No, they require the GTP cap created by y-tubulin to polymerize
d.) Yes, they spontaneously polymerize around DNA to protect it
e.) No, they must use y-tubilin as a nucleating site, even in vitro. |
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Which observation best illustrates the treadmilling effect by microtubules?
a.) Some microtubules can shrink while others simultaneously grow in the same cell
b.) Fluorescently tagged alpha/beta tubulin subunits attach preferentially to the plus end of a microtubule
c.) Alpha/beta tubulin subunits bound to GDP cannot escape a microtubule unless they are at the plus or minus ends
d.) When Alpha/beta tubulin subunits bound to GTP to form GDP and an inorganic phosphate, microtubules switch from growing to shrinking.
e.) At steady state, the number of Alpha/beta tubulin subunits added to the plus end of a microtubule is balanced by loss of subunits form the minus end. |
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Which statement best defines a nucleosome?
a.) A nucleosome contains exactly one gene, wrapped around a core particle composed of histone proteins.
b.) A nucleosome contains double stranded DNA with both a major and a minor groove in the core particle.
c.) A nucleosome contains genes that are expressed; silenced genes are not found in nucleosomes.
d.) A nucleosome contains a segment of double stranded DNA wrapped around a core particle of histone proteins
e.) A nucleosome is a “spool” of histone proteins; some nucleosomes have DNA wrapped around them |
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If cells can’t express genes contained in heterochromatin, why do they bother making heterochromatin at all?
a.) Heterochromatin is where all the junk DNA is stored- there are no functional genes in heterochromatin.
b.) Heterochromatin gets separated during mytosis, and is used to build new genes in the resulting daughter cells
c.) Heterochromatin reduced clutter in the nucleus, by storing unused DNA in the most compact form; this permits actively exptressed genes to be stored in a more assessable form of DNA
d.) Heterochromatin ensures that only the most useful genes are expressed at the tips of chromosomes, where DNA packing is the lowest
e.) Heterochromatin protects the most valuable genes form destruction- it serves as an extra padding for essential genes |
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Cell Biologists commonly use fluorescent microscopy to visualize molecules in or on cells because:
a.) Florescence microscopy techniques are the only light microscopes that will not kill the cells being visualized
b.) Florescence microscopy techniques can detect the presence of a single type of molecule in a cell, while blocking out stray, “background” signals form molecules
c.) Florescence microscopy techniques have better resolution then other light microscopes.
d.) Florescence microscopy techniques can detect/visualize secondary antibodies, even if they’re not linked to a florescent tag
e.) Florescence microscopy techniques are the only light microscopes that can determine the molecular weight of a protein. |
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If a sequence of DNA is in a form with a packing ratio of ~42, which one of the following statements is false?
a.) At least some of the nucleotides are bound to histones.
b.) Each nucleotide in the same DNA strand is attached to adjacent nucleotides by at least one phosphodiesther bond
c.) The cell containing this DNA sequence is most likely not undergoing mytosis
d.) The double helix formed by two strands of DNA in this sequence contains both a major and a minor groove
e.) Every gene contained in this sequence must be expressed |
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Using oil or water as an immersion medium provides better resolution than using air, because:
a.) Oil and water have a higher density than air
b.) Oil and water generate shorter wavelengths of light than air
c.) Oil and water molecules are more compact than the molecules in air
d.) Oil and water share more structural properties with glass lenses than air does
e.) Oil and water have a higher diffraction coefficient than air |
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Which one of the following properties is shared by proteasomes and lysosomes?
a.) Use of ubiqutin as a signal for protein degradation
b.) Digestion of proteins in the extracellular space
c.) Separation from the cytosol by a membrane
d.) Encoded by a single gene on chromosome 17
e.) Use of hydrolytic proteases |
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What is the function of a disulfide bond in an antibody?
a.) The hold the Fc portion in a stable configuration, which is important to conserve structural similarity in the Fc portion of all antibodies
b.) The bind the antibody to its antigen such that the antibody never dissociates
c.) They hold two strands of a beta sheet together in the antigen binding region.
d.) They hold the large and small (heavy and light) subunits of the antibody together
e.) They form alpha helices in the Fab portions, allowing the antibody to bind its antigen |
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What structural property do all antibodies (in all organisms that make them) share?
a.) They all contain antigen binding domains
b.) They all have the same quaternary structure
c.) They are all florescent
d.) They contain the same primary structure
e.) They all bind to the same antigens |
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Which one of the following statements is false?
a.) Carbon has a valence number of four, which means it requires four covalent bonds to fill its valence shell
b.) Hydrogen bonds do not form between –CH3 groups
c.) Water is a liquid at standard conditions because it forms a large number of hydrogen bonds between water molecules
d.) Ribose contains five carbons when it is in either the linear form or the ring form
e.) Every phosphate group in the backbone of a nucleic acid forms 2 ester bonds |
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Which statement best describes the difference between alpha 1,4 and beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides?
a.) Alpha 1,4 bonds can be broken by two human enzymes; Most Beta 1,4 bonds cannot
b.) Alpha 1,4 bonds are found only in animals, most Beta 1, 4 bonds are found in plants
c.) Alpha 1,4 bonds hold ribosomes together; most beta 1,4 bonds hold glucose together
d.) Alpha 1,4 bonds can be branched, most beta 1,4 bonds cannot
e.) Alpha 1,4 bonds are stronger than most beta 1,4 bonds |
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