Term
Cell to Cell Communication
Cell surface receptors
Intracellular signaling molecules:
....
Pathways - signal -----> ... |
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Definition
Kinases
Phosphatases
GTP-binding proteins
-target proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Gene regulation
Ion channels
Metabolic pathways
Changes in cytoskeleton - movement |
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Term
Extracellular signaling molecules
Where are they and where do they come from?... |
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Definition
Proteins, peptides, aa, nucleotides, gases (NO, CO) etc…
...Secreted by cells (exocytosis)
Diffuse out of cells (gases)
Some remain bound to cell |
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Term
Short Distance Signaling.
Paracrine signaling - |
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Definition
| (fast) over short distances, short acting and signals often degraded quickly Contact-dependent |
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Term
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Definition
Endocrine signaling (slow)
Hormones secreted into bloodstream
Act far away
Neurons are also far acting - synapse is far from where the signal originated |
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Term
| Signals don't occur all at one time |
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Definition
Multiple signals received by cells
Integration of signals - like a computer
Cell responds differently based on signals and molecules in the cell |
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Term
| The same signal can cause a... |
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Definition
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Term
Some signaling molecules directly cross the _____
NO
Nitric oxide - freely ____ in tissue - can cross ______
Important for _____ functions
Also plays a role in ...
Made from _____ by NO synthase |
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Definition
-plasma membrane
-soluble
-membranes
-immune cell
...smooth muscle contraction
-arginine |
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Term
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Definition
| Acetylcholine - neurotransmitter causes activation of NO synthase |
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Term
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Definition
| cGMP (smooth muscle relaxation) blocks the phosphodiester bond. |
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Term
Smooth Muscle
Neuron signals ______
Results in activation _________
NO produced ...
In muscle cell, NO binding to _____ results in production of ___
This causes ________ |
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Definition
-endothelial cells
-of NO synthase
...diffuses out
guanylyl cyclase
-cGMP
-smooth muscle relaxation |
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Term
| Hormones also may cross p.m. |
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Definition
-Steroid hormones
Sex hormones (testosterone)
Thyroid hormones (thyroxine) |
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Term
Hormones
______ molecules
Diffuse across_____
Bind to ______ receptors
Activate receptors to bind... |
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Definition
-Hydrophobic
- membranes
-intracellular
-DNA and start transcription |
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