Term
| what are the 5 characteristics common to all biological molecules |
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Definition
1. all contain carbon 2. formed by dehydration synthesis, broken by hydrolysis 3. large 4. polymers 5. polymers have stable 3-D structures |
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Term
| what are the 4 major types of biological molecules |
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Definition
proteins carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids |
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Term
describe the 4 levels of protein structure |
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Definition
primary - aa sequence secondary - alpha helix and beta sheet tertiery - folding of secondary into 3-D shape quaternary - interactions between diff peptide chains |
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Term
| what are examples of denaturing agents |
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Definition
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Term
| what guide protein folding? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two main functions of proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the main classes of structural proteins |
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Definition
cytoskeltal proteins membrane proteins |
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Term
| what are the main classes of regulatory proteins |
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Definition
hormones enzymes growth factors |
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Term
| what is a general protein stain |
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Definition
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Term
| what join the monomers in carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an example of a simple sugar |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some examples of disaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
| what general types of sugars have carbonyl groups |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the main functions of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
storage (starch, glycogen) structure (cellulose, chitin) |
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Term
| what stain can be used to stain starch |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 classes of lipid |
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Definition
fatty acids triglycerols phospholipids steroids |
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Term
| what is the structure of a triglycerol |
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Definition
glycerol molecules bound to 3 fatty acids |
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Term
| what is the structure of a phospholipid |
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Definition
glycerol molecule with 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group |
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Term
| what does ampipathic refer to |
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Definition
| ampipathic referes to a molecule w/both hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions (ex. phospholipds) |
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Term
| what type of molecule makes up cell membranes |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the general structure of steroids |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of stain used for lipids |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the main functions of lipids |
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Definition
1. energy storage 2. membrane structure 3. biological functions (signaling molecuels, steroids, etc.) |
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Term
| what type of bond joins monomers of nucleic acids |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the functions of nucleic acids |
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Definition
| storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information |
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Term
| what modifications are made between pre-mRNA and mature transcript mRNA |
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Definition
guanosine cap at 5' poly A tail at 3' |
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Term
| what stains used for nucleic acids |
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Definition
DAPI acridine orange methylene blue |
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Term
| what is the general progression of DNA - protein |
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Definition
DNA transcribed to pre mRNA pre mRNA spliced and modified mature transcript mRNA leaves nucleus transcript translated to protein |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane enclosed compartments found inside cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the interior of an organelle |
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Term
| what are signal sequences |
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Definition
part of a protein that directs it to a specific organelle and can direct it across the membrane - often removed by proteases afterwards |
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