Term
| What's special about size difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
| Surface-to-volume ratio is reduced for the larger Eukaryotes, hinders passive diffusion. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of genome does a prokaryote have? |
|
Definition
| A single circular chromosome, and sometimes plasmids |
|
|
Term
| What kind of ribosomes do prokaryotes have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of cell division do prokaryotes do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes and eukaryotes, who's got a cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's special about Eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
*Nucleus and organelles
*Nuclear genome AND mitotic genome MAYBE chloroplastic genome
*Bigger, less surface-to-volume |
|
|
Term
| What kind of ribosomes do Eukaryotes have? |
|
Definition
| 70S and 80S. 70S only in mitochondria/chloroplasts, and nucleus. 80S only in cytosol. |
|
|
Term
| How do most antibiotics disrupt cells? |
|
Definition
| By interrupting ribosome activity, usually only 70S. |
|
|
Term
| What's endosymbiontic theory? |
|
Definition
| Chloroplasts and mitochondria used to be free living prokaryotes. Today they cannot survive independently because they have limited protein synthesis ability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It fixes CO2 into sugars. 8 small subunits are made outside the chloroplast, and 8 large subunits made inside chloroplast. Hence chloroplast cannot survive on own. |
|
|
Term
| How do transcription and translation differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (very broadly) |
|
Definition
Eukaryotes do transcription in the nucleus, and translation in the cytosol.
Prokaryotes don't separate them. |
|
|
Term
| What cell components have a double membrane (not a bilayer, but two membranes) |
|
Definition
The nucleus (also called "envelope")
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
| What cell parts have a single membrane? |
|
Definition
*Endoplastic reticulum (both)
*Golgi apparatus
*Transport vesicles
*Peroxisome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an advantage of sequestering your genome in a nucleus? |
|
Definition
| It keeps DNA away from the nucleases in the cytosol |
|
|
Term
| What happens inside the nucleoulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of nuclear membrane pores? |
|
Definition
| They let *correctly assembled* RNA and ribosomes pass into the cytosol, and protein components for assembling ribosomes pass in. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major parts of the mitochondrion? |
|
Definition
*Inner/outer membrane
*Matrix (the central area)
*Inter-membrane space
*Cristae (wrinkles that add surface area to inner membrane) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the Citric Acid Cycle take place, and what does it do roughly? |
|
Definition
Takes place in mitochondrial matrix.
Breaks C-C bonds, makes NADH and CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place? |
|
Definition
| On an electron transport chain along the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of a chloroplast? |
|
Definition
*Inner/outer membrane
*Stroma, the fluid filling the lumen
*Thylakoids, stacks of grana |
|
|
Term
| Where do the "light reactions" take place? |
|
Definition
| on the thylakoid membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Where do the "light-independent" reaction take place? |
|
Definition
| In the stroma of the chloroplast lumen. |
|
|
Term
| What are some things chloroplasts can change into? |
|
Definition
*Chromoplasts - pigment containing organelles
*Amyloplasts - starch-containing organelles
*Leucoplasts - store starches, proteins, or oils |
|
|
Term
| What's rough ER do? how's it work? (broadly) |
|
Definition
Takes mRNA from nucleus and translates it into proteins.
A free ribosome runs into mRNA in cytosol. The first few AAs coded for by mRNA are a *signal sequence* that makes Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) that lets the ribosome bind to the outer side of rough ER, and spit the protein into the lumen of the ER. |
|
|
Term
| What's the smooth ER do, and how? |
|
Definition
| No ribosomes, just modifies proteins. Fills up with modified proteins until it buds off some membrane into a transport vesicle. Because it's always losing membrane, it also is involved in membrane synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| How do transport vesicles from the smooth ER make their way to the golgi? |
|
Definition
| They have *snare proteins* that let them hook onto golgi membrane and fuse. After the golgi is done, it switches the snare proteins for ones tagged for the plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What does the Golgi apparatus do? |
|
Definition
| It receives proteins from Smooth ER, packages them into transport vesicles and tags them for new destinations. These vesicles fuse with their destination membranes, and help regenerate the cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the Golgi, and what do they do? |
|
Definition
*Cisternae - the membrane structures, sort of folded onto each other
*Cis-face - the side that receives vesicles from smooth ER
*Trans-face - side that ships out vesicles to their final destination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It contains enzymes that work with H2O2, and keeps the H2O2 out of the cytosol where it would do harm. Uses *catalases* to detoxify H2O2. |
|
|
