Term
|
Definition
| Signal recognition particle; G-protein involved in the signal hypothesis for protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organelle where proteases digest polyubiquitinized peptides for "quality control" in protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecular chaperone which folds proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G-protein which regulates COPII vesicle formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A v-SNARE (originating on the vesicle) which binds with a t-SNARE (originating on the target) in an α-helix for endocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When brain MAP (microtrubule associated proteins) 'tau' has increased phosphorylation the microtubule array becomes malformed and synaptic transmission is interrupted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The receptor for the protein synthesis stop sequence, which is embedded in ER transmembrane pore/protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catalyzes GTP for conformational change. |
|
|
Term
| Mannose-6-Phosphate Receptor |
|
Definition
| Binds to lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes in trans-Golgi lumen to select for a forming lysosome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carrier for sugars in glycosylation; has 20 isoprene units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G-protein which regulates te formation of COPI vesicles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has a triskelion structure with hooks, supported by AP2 complex, to form a coat for bi-directional vesicles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radioactively labelled amino acids become incorporated into proteins, which then emit emulsions in photographic emulsion. |
|
|
Term
| Cytoskeletal Elements (3 Types) |
|
Definition
| 1) Tubulin aka Microtubules 2) Actin Superfamily 3) Intermediate Filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transfers sugars for glycosylation to dolichol. |
|
|
Term
| Lipofuscin Pigment Granules |
|
Definition
| Residual body (lysosome after phaging) or 'left-overs' in a cell, which may correlate to a cell's age because of accumulation over time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuclear Localization Sequence; a short positively-charged amino acid sequence which alpha-importin binds to so the NLS protein can be moved into the nucleoplasm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G-protein which regulates SNARE interaction; it tethers the vesicle to the target. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| t-SNARE (located on target) which entwine in an α-helix with v-SNARES to join vesicle and target membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
t-SNARE (located on target) which entwine in an α-helix with v-SNARES to join vesicle and target membrane.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subunits of microtubules; α-tubulin and β-tubulin dimers, which treadmill from negative (-) to positive (+) ends making microtubules dynamic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G-protein which is recruited to form a pinching ring of constriction around budding vesicle, when hydrolyzed back to subunits the vesicle will bud. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme which catalyzes phosphorylation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme which catalyzes dephosphorylation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecular motor associated with actin; important for muscle contraction; has a head domain - S1- which is the motor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intermediate filament; Cytoskeletal protein for nuclear membrane; it's phosphorylative state corresponds with the cell cycle; functional as a staggered tetramer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecular motar associated with microtubules; (+) end direction; Head domain is moter; Tail domain holds the cargo; Stock domain is a flexible hinge; most likely 'hand-over-hand' movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region of nucleus which has ramped up amplification of genes that code for ribosomal RNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microtubule associated proteins; due to their state of phosphorylation they will generate 3D arrays of microtubules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecular motor associated with microtubules; (-) end direction; has high molecular weight with two heavy chains and many light and medium chains; involved in chromosomal and vesicular movement, Golgi body positioning, and cilia and flagella motion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invented the microscope; first looked at cork and observed what he termed the "cell". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Looked at a drop of pond water and saw organisms termed "animalcules"; also discovered bacteria by scraping his teeth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proposed the first bit of cell theory: that all organisms are made of one or more cells and that the cell is the structural unit of life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Added the third tenant countering sontaneous generation: that all cells come from pre-existing cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Isolated the four cells of sea urchin embryos and observed that each became four whole larvae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Division into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya based on genetic sequences of ribsomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Viral DNA inserted into host DNA which can be activated by UV. |
|
|
Term
| Co-option (or Recruitment) |
|
Definition
| When inserted pro-viral DNA has a different function in the host than a virus on its own. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleic acid particles without a protein coat; 1/10 size of typical viral genome; hijacks host RNA polymerase to reprodue itself; eg) cadang attacked cconut tree monoculture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein only; responsible for Creutzfeld-Jakob / mad-cow disease; a mutant protein with abnormal folding which triggers normal proteins to change as well; mutant protein is insoluble aggregate which causes holes in brain tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Transmission Electron Microscopes |
|
Definition
| Form images using electrons that are transmitted through the specimen. |
|
|
Term
| Scanning Electron Microscope |
|
Definition
| Form images using electrons that have bounced off the surface of the specimen. |
|
|
Term
| Davson-Danielli Plasma Membrane Model |
|
Definition
| Two-layered; universal bilayer. |
|
|
Term
| Singer and Nicolson Plasma Membrane Model |
|
Definition
| "Fluid-mosaic"; realization of utilization of membrane proteins. |
|
|
Term
| Current Plasma Membrane Model |
|
Definition
| Associated with membrane proteins are sugar chains beyond the lipid bilayer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Span e and p face of membrane; alpha-helical structure; domain architecture (external, membrane, and cytoplasmic). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have covalent interaction with integral proteins or phosphate heads of phospholipids. |
|
|
Term
| Third class of Membrane Proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis; analysis is based on the relative mobility in an electrical field which determines relative molecular weight of proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching: studies the movements of membrane proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fractures along the membranes can tell us directly which side membrane proteins are associated with. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Integral membrane which spans the erythrocyte membrane once; 60% of weight made up by 16 oligosaccharide chains; has negative charge due to sialic acid whic keeps red blood cells from clumping; first membrane protein to be comletely sequenced; also fuctions as receptor for malarial protozoa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Looks at the free energy of each amino acid in a protein; when plotted a ΔG+ spike corresponds to a membrane-spanning domain because it is un-charged, stable, and requires energy to break it down. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In erythrocytes; a channel for anion movement: HCO3- and Cl- for gas exchange. |
|
|
Term
| 3 Types of Passive Transport |
|
Definition
| 1) Diffusion 2)Ion Channels 3) Facilitated Diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Channel for which water enters cells via osmosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Voltage-gated: differences in ion charges across membrane. 2) Ligand-gated: binding of a ligand. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucose Transporter proteins: Facilitated diffusion; Proteins' presence in membrane is regulated by insulin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A microelectrode in a micropipette applies a voltage to the enclosed patch of membrane and the responding flow of ions is measured. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of six membrane spanning domains; functions as a voltage sensor to affect the closure of the channel: resting - pore closed ball in place, polarized - globular ball region pops out. |
|
|
Term
| Site-directed Mutagenesis |
|
Definition
| Change single amino acids in a polypeptide and look at the effect on its function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport that requires energy from ATP; Receptor has ATPase activity which causes phosphorylation and conformational change to affect the binding domain and move ions against their concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Active Transport of Co-transport |
|
Definition
Active transport plus utilization of concentration gradients; spatial differences in cell of different types of pumps. Eg) Na+/glucose - apical, GLUT2 - basal, Na+/K+ - lateral. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dendrite → Axon → Effector
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Resting
- Na+ channels open so Na+ flows into cell, K+ channels are closed
- Na+ channes close, K channels open so K+ flows out of cell
- K+ channels close slowly
- Cell returns to resting state
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurons are sheathed with gaps called Nodes of Ranvier; an action potential can only be generated at a node and then can trigger an action potential at the next node, so the impulse jumps from node to node very fast. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Action potential reaches terminal knob (cytoplasmic extensions)
- Ca2+ gates open and Ca2+ goes into presynaptic cell
- Ca acts as a fusigen for vesicles containing the neurotransmitter to be released into the cleft
- Binding and transport of neurotransmitter into postsynaptic cell
- Depolarization or hyperpolarization generated
- Enzymes break down the neurotransmitter
|
|
|
Term
| 4 Main Types of Extracellular Materials |
|
Definition
- Collagens
- Proteoglycans
- Fibroectin
- Leminin
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most abundant protein in human body; family of fibrous glycoproteins; acts like steel frame for structure; made by fibroblasts; made of α-helical trimer. |
|
|
Term
| Proteoglycans (with GAGs) |
|
Definition
| Protein-polysaccharide complexes; core protein with GAGs (glycosaminoglycans), which are repeat disaccharides with a negative charge; the negative charge binds to lots of water making it a shock-absorbant gel found in cartilage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dimer with multiple binding domains - for other extracellular matrix molecules - for cell surface receptors; important in embryonic cell migrations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glycoprotein made of three different types of polypeptides for specific conformation; important in axon guidance, germ cells, and cancer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amino acid sequence arg-gly-asp on extracellular matrix molecules which binds to integrins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antithrombic agent: nonpeptide drug with RGD-like domain that binds to platelet integrins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antithrombic agent: specific antibody against αIIbβ3. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Integral membrane proteins with two membrane-spanning proteins held non-covalently together; each has an extracellular domain for ligand binding and cytoplasmic domain for link to cytoskeleton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basal eithelial surface and basement membrane complex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sites that bind cells to their substrates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cells return to where they were made because of a specific glycoprotein; long extracellular domain. - E-selectin: endothelial cells
- P-selectin: endothelial platelets
- L-selectin: leukocytes
|
|
|
Term
| Immunoglobin Superfamily (IgSF) |
|
Definition
Cell-adhesion molecules; basis of immunology. - VCAM: vascular cell adhesion
- NCAM: neural cell adhesion - CNS
- L1: adhesions between cells, nerve outgrowth, synapse development
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glycoprotein family; join cells of similar type so tissue specific. - E - epithelial
- N - neural
- P - placental
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cadherins and Ca2+ hold cells together; important for signal transduction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made of desmogleins and desmocollins which join together like velcro; related to caherins; for epithelium. |
|
|
Term
| Tight Junctions (Zonulae Occludens) |
|
Definition
| Integral protein in the apical membrane region; responsible for the blood-brain barrier. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allow cell-to-cell communication by flow of specific solutes; made of connexon and connexin, which can close with increase of intracellular Ca2+ and phosphorylation of connexin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cylindrical channels in plants; can dialate to allow movement of RNA and protein so signal transduction can take place; made of 3 molecules: - hemicellulose - branched polysaccharides
- pectin - (-) charged polysaccharides (like GAGs)
- structural proteins
|
|
|
