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Went from Univ. Glasgow instrument shop/newcomen engine improvement/ seperate condensor patent Seperate Condensor, Rotary motion dynamic invention, mass produced, private industry Sun and Planetary gears to conver translational to rotary motion Watt Linkage allowed connection between this linear and circular motion. |
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Watt's partner in crime. Noted for 1775 patent extension for 25 yrs which made a huge difference. Boulton was the investor and entrepreneur - idea about how they made money by loaning machines and charging based on the number of horces replaced. |
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Fulton's competition.when fulton dies Shreeve takes over steamboat business. the 'enterprise' made it from New Orleans to Louisville. politics of steamboats (eventually lead to governmental regulation) competition involved: invention/patents, innovation/profits, wealth/regulation |
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Began as a stonemason/architect/surveyor of roads and canals/ engineer of bridges and aqueducts 1795 - first bridge (Bildwas) He was an entrepreneur and an artist and an architect. he worked for the government and his bridges employed efficiency (his first bridghe used 1/3 iron in iron bridge) economy, and elegance. Telford: static structures, custom made, public works |
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Fulton studied previous work. made numerical calculations. performed full scale tests. associated with three ppl: Mark Beaufoy - the researcher( English guy did lots of experiments. fulton stole em). Robert Livingston - the entrepreneur. Benjamin West - the Artist. 1810 - US patent for steamboat he originally wanted to be a painter. went to britain. not a great painter. learns about canal prob. designs first sub.and makes a steamboat tries to market it in france, doesn't go fast enough. no one really cares. gets a watt engine and makes a steamboat in the US. our long rivers make it really practical. |
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Fulton's entrepreneur. He had political influence and money to back Fulton. He was ambassador to France in the Louisiana Purchase. 1803 Louisiana pruchase, 1810 US. Patent for steamboat also got exclusive rights for 20yrs to NY waters if they could operate 20ton boat at 4mph |
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America's first major industry. went to england and learned about factory towns. his unique brain enabled him to memorize the way factories were set up in Britain etc. he was an entrepreneur and had a mathematical mind, business capability, and ideas for industry (and the only portrait thing of he and wifey is a lithograph) used his wealth. use for arts and education etc. Remember year 1820 |
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Engineer. was taken on as apprentice to Whistler who was a RR engineer and then went to Lowell to work for the Locks and Canals copany. Weir (he had hydraulic experiments, the weir, created the canal walk and lock gate) Hp = TV/(33000) |
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Coalbrookdale blast furnace |
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Abraham Darby I first succeded in smelting iron with coal. then moved to coalbrookdale on the river Severn coke instead of charcoal. |
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Built in Coalbrookdale 1780- Abraham Darby III Prichard architect Advertisement for the skill of Coalbrookdale Iron masons. there was a great flood of 1795 in the River Severn and all of the wood and stone bridges were washed away but Iron Bridge stayed up! |
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1825 580 ft suspension Telford origionally wanted an arch bridge but couldn't because navy wanted to take a boat under the bridge so that was easier as a suspension bridge. (Robert Stephenson's bridge The Brittania in 1850 is the RR one that runs next to it) |
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Watt rotary steam engine or seperate condensor |
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1770 Seperate Condensor Patent then sun and planetary gears watt linkage |
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Fulton's steamboat the secured the rights to the NY waters by going upstream at greater than 4mph. |
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1850 increased efficiency by a lot got up to around 90% efficiency. Boyden designed it but then Lowell bought the rights. Francis adapted it and made it better and then ran extensive tests. extensively studied it.and made rules. etc. Scientific: lowell hydraulic experiments. great r+d Social: Water policeman the weir, how to share Symbolic: canal walk and lock gate park |
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kindof clamps onto the turbine to measure the efficiency of the turbine. by friction. 1850ish too called Prony Dynamometer used to measure Qout |
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George and Robert Stephenson |
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George - engineer. studied works/made calculations/fullscaletests important rail lines - liverpool - manchester, london - birmingham - manchester, chester - holyhead idea of traction was a biigg dealio first engine line by George Stephenson was in 1825 (competition - which was won by the rocket) stephenson locomotive of 1835 looks like a legitimate engine. |
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quaker. started as Georgia RR engineer/ Pennsylvania RR engineer 1852 Pennsylvania RR president. he was great because he kept pennsylvania rr on the top of it's game by being a technological trendsetter, returning profits to the company, created world's largest transportation network. contrast to vanderbilts because he didn't wanted to run the company at a profit for the company. not to make him millions. |
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governer of california - met at promentory point coming from the west. met Durant vp of union pacific with General dodge. Stanford swung the hammer to pound in the last (golden) spike. but missed. but that's ok. |
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1830 - Henry's electromagnet and telegraph Startedc work as jewlers apprentice/ teacher/ assistant/private tutor/ surveyor/ teacher and scholar of science Silliman. because of 1830 discovery became professor at Princeton. also taught princetn's first course in architecture. became head of the Smithsonian. |
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started off as a painter/first professor of art/ telegraph patent 1840 telegraph patent "intelligence at a distance" |
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was really instrumental in actually putting up telegraph lines as I recall. he got the whole 'above ground' idea. becomes the major stockholder in Western Union WESTERN UNION = TELEGRAPH CO. |
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associated year?? poor immigrant. arrives by steamboat in pittsburgh/ textile worker (note father was a hand weaver)/ telegraph operator/ Pennsylvania RR superintednet/ Bridge Co. director( learned about industry and investments while working on RR)/ Bond salesman First one billion dollar industry philanthropist |
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Carnegie's partner. kindof a hardass. but he gave money to princeton so alright. after jones dies he is the one who takes control of the plant. has the whole issue with calling in the pinkertons after the strike etc. He originally had a company that made and sold coke, so he teamed up with carnegie to have the whole system down. |
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American went to observe Bessemer process. in 1863 negotiated rights to the Bessemer Process in the US. in US he designed the first US Bessemer steel plant. Holley started with an interest in trains. he didn't want to go to Yale, went to brown to study science and applications. illustrated and wrote. when he came back in 1863 he promoted steel making in the US. he came together with Carnegie in 1872 and the rest is history. He was a good plant designer. date to remember: 1863 or just 1865 |
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almost came up with steel on accident. He was a serious inventor. created the bessemer process for making the steel from molten pig iron. his father was a machinist and he became one at a young age as well. |
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Thomson... look it up. great because he put money back into the company and led with technological innovations i think. |
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Meeting of Union Pacific and Central Pacific. MAY 10 1869 (just remember 1870) leland stanford missed bummers for him that's why stanford is not as good as princeton |
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built line between DC and baltimore in 1843 "what hath god wrought" in 1844. western union telegraph company by 1865 over 200000 miles of telegraph |
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J. Edgar Thompson Steel Works |
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huge capacity. designed by J. Edgar Thompson. Carnegie's mill. built 1875 |
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Thomas Cole shows transition in American view of wilderness due to steamboat and RR 1840 ish "transformation of vision" |
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Language and Meaning of Engineering |
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Scientific: formulas as relationships social: contexts for construction Symbolic: changes in vision |
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4 main ideas of engineering |
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Structures, Machines, Networks, Processes |
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Menai Straits bridge (also telford) |
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Equation for horizongal thrust from a bridge |
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Equation for Hp out from a cyllinder |
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Fe2O3 + 3C + (3/2)O2 --> 2Fe + 3CO2 Fe2O3 is iron ore - hematite - |
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First and last things to really be made out of Iron (pre steel) |
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Independence, Iron, and Industry |
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1776-1855 basically revolution to civil war |
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Circumferential stress on a boiler |
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'Visible Speech' - family in speech and hearing/ deaf ppl. visible speech is notation of how to move your mouth basically. Scotland to canada/teaches deaf in Boston/ Professor at BU first idea was to send multiple messages perwire harmonic telegraph - oscillating reeds |
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New material: Iron. industrialization and structural art lead to the creation of Iron bridge. note: they also had decentralized society, island isolation and a strong navy, natural resources and wealth. and they needed bridges. Iron: stronger than wood and stone. lighter than stone, more permanent than wood. |
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Iron Bridge Vs. Craigellachie |
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Iron bridge was: semicircular arch, 'mutilated' arch, circles for decor Craigellachie was: parabolic arch, unbroken arch, triangles for support. |
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Formula for cable strength |
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stress = force over area expressed for some god-awful reason in this class by f=(T/A) safety factor = stress at break/stress allowable |
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Othmar Ammann - Thomas Telford Andrew Carnegie - James Watt Henry Ford - Thomas Edison |
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Transformations due to Watt |
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Scientific: heat to work social: animal to machine Symbolic: reciprocating to rotary |
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Became partners and in 1775 - Patent Extension which allowed them to control the market. then in 1782 watt developed a double acting rotary engine by Boulton's suggestions. Boulton: was an investor and entrepreneur/ got the patent extension/ gave watt the R&D lab |
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America's first great contribution to modern technology |
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applied science social process individual genius |
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Steamboats and national politics |
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1824 gibbons v. ogden - NO MONOPOLIES 1824-1852 boiler explosions CONGRESSIONAL DEBATES 1852 alfred guthrie's report REGULATORY AGENCY |
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Franklin Institute - Stresses Alfred Guthrie - Statistics Mark Twain - Stories |
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Power output of a water turbine dealio |
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resistance change with length formula |
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R = (pL)/A where p is actually rho |
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Stephen Vail - Morse Investor Alfred Vail - Morse Partner Theodore Vail - Bell and AT&T CEO |
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morse v. henry very sad. what a bummers. i think morse stole the whole lot of henry's reaserch. also i'll mention here that this telegraph business created a whole lotta $$ that went into things like education etc. |
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Stephenson - narrow gauge Brunel - Wide gauge (argued could carry more. better) Guage act 1846 went with narrow gauge. there was more of it. |
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East-west v. North-south in civil war RRs v. Steamboats Civil war favors..... CHICAGO building los bridges. the eads bridge one 1875 (beat the boomer bridge) eads was from the st. louis side. steamboads were then kindof permo demoted because they had to change to get under the bridge and teh RR showed up. eads bridge is the one with the 2 tiers and RR on the second tier. but it's open. EADS BRIDGE MADE OF STEEL |
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Steel contribution to american society |
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Scientific: Bessemer process Social: Building Cities Symbolic: wealth - libraries and education |
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Really strong (like 10 times that of wrought Iron) 1-2% carbon steel was really an issue in the broken iron rails in the RRs. Bessemer process |
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Henry Clay Frick - Partner J. Edgar Thompson - Mill Alexander Holley - Designer |
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Lighting a City telegraph operator/inventor and innovator/entrepreneur and manufacturer first successful invention - stock ticker sold to western union. i think. Inventive Genius. ' wizard of menlo park' |
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Thomas Edison 1875 Reserach Lab Lighting system idea Incandescent lamp here in 1877 he developed the phonograph 1880 demo for politicians with electric light |
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1880 Scientific: High Resistance Filament Social: Competition with gas light Symbolic: First Lights to Wall street (economic and news center) provided power to one square mile of lower manhattan Edison GE/Thompson-Houston = GE |
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Scientific:Edison investor Social: GE founder Symbolic: America's Banker |
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Edison - DC Westinghouse - AC (using transformers to step up/step down current) |
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Watt - low pressure steam Edison - DC power Ford - car design |
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Files Bell's Patent in 1875 Beats Gray! most profitable patent in history |
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1875 - Hubbard Sanders and Bell form a company (note that Bell marries Hubbard's daughter) |
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First time around:(hired by Bell) Buys western electric/ forms AT&T - resigns 1885 Second time around: 1905 JP morgan takes over AT&T and rehires Vail, AT&T becomes regulated by ICC in 1913 |
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CONNECTING THE CONTINENT DATES |
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TELEGRAPH: 1860 western union RAILROAD: 1870 Union Pacific/Central Pacific TELEPHONE: 1915 bell/watson |
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Alexander Graham Bell 1875 Scientific: series circuit Social: regulated monopoly Symbolic: speaking at a distance |
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1850 basically a big level that controls the flow coming over a lock. basically. It was important because it allowed Francis to study flow. |
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Baldwin. 1835. it has the piston running parallel to the crosshead then turns to rotary motion. modernish setup. first one to operate successfully on the Philedelphi and Columbia Rairload. |
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from farm to Factory from Country to City from Craft to Engineering engineering works: structures: the river dam machine: the water turbine networks: interconnected power canals processes: cloth making |
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1830 Henry Experiment 1830 Morse's shipboard idea 1835 Gale helps Morse 1840 Morse shows Van Buren |
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1820 e + m linked 1825 Horshoe magnet 1830 Henry's electromagnet and telegraph |
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Gale: helped morse Vail: student. father was financial backer. |
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That painting by that dude. with all of the mjaor innovators. Christian schussele is the painter. includes Henry, morse, etc. |
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Morse - telegraph Carnegie - Steel industry Bell - Telephone Edison - Electric Power Marconi- Wireless |
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societal impacts of the RR |
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basically created cities because the trains had to stop and turn around somewhere. ripped up the landscape in a +/- way whatever you think. created infrastructure. really used the steel that came from Carnegie. |
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He was superintednent of the plant. he understood steelmaking and understood workers so no issues there. He facilitated a good relationship between carnegie and teh workers so no strike issues. |
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what happens to carnegie/ us steel |
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after frick screws up the labor strikes there is a PR disaster. so now carnegie wants to sell. sells to JP Morgan. then carnegie is rich. really really rich. so he makes donations! he creates a pension fund for teachers, gives public libraries, carnegie hall, a lake. biggest donor to princeton was Frick and frick's whole family kindof goes/went here. |
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Edison helper. Princeton grad. physicist and mathematician. helped explain mathematically some of edison's ideas. did analysis |
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Arc lamp 1810 Incandescent light with carbonized cardboard filament 1880 (edison also built dynamo. a great one. spinning wire in field of permanent magnet) |
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Induction motor enabled use of AC Current. |
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westinghouse Use of the transformer I1/I2 =N2/N1 = V2/V1 |
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Bell's financial backer bell also married and taught his deaf daughter go figure also partner with thomas sanders |
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Bell's assistant from charles williams shop in Boston where edison also had equipment made. |
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Got all the patents! and the final version of the telephone actually used the bell reciever but an edison carbon dealio transmitter. because bell sued for patents (sued western union wh had gray and edison's patents on telephone) |
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Used inductance to give long distance calls greater sthrength and clarity. iron cores with wires wound around them. inductive loading was employed by the bell system in 1902. then development of amplifiers. |
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first transcontinental phone call |
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