Shared Flashcard Set

Details

CEE 102A midterm
midterm review
103
Architecture
Undergraduate 2
10/19/2008

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
James Watt  
Definition

Went from Univ. Glasgow instrument shop/newcomen engine improvement/ seperate condensor patent 

Seperate Condensor, Rotary motion

dynamic invention, mass produced, private industry 

 

Sun and Planetary gears to conver translational to rotary motion

 

Watt Linkage allowed connection between this linear and circular motion.  

Term
Matthew Boulton 
Definition

Watt's partner in crime. 

 

Noted for 1775 patent extension for 25 yrs which made a huge difference.

 

Boulton was the investor and entrepreneur - idea about how they made money by loaning machines and charging based on the number of horces replaced.  

Term
Henry Shreve
Definition

Fulton's competition.when fulton dies Shreeve takes over steamboat business. the 'enterprise' made it from New Orleans to Louisville. politics of steamboats (eventually lead to governmental regulation)

competition involved: invention/patents, innovation/profits, wealth/regulation 

Term
Thomas Telford
Definition

Began as a stonemason/architect/surveyor of roads and canals/ engineer of bridges and aqueducts

 

1795 - first bridge (Bildwas) 

He was an entrepreneur and an artist and an architect. he worked for the government and his bridges employed efficiency (his first bridghe used 1/3 iron in iron bridge) economy, and elegance.  

 

Telford: static structures, custom made, public works 

Term
Robert Fulton
Definition

Fulton studied previous work. made numerical calculations. performed full scale tests.

associated with three ppl: Mark Beaufoy - the researcher( English guy did lots of experiments. fulton stole em). Robert Livingston - the entrepreneur. Benjamin West - the Artist.  

1810 - US patent for steamboat 

 

he originally wanted to  be a painter. went to britain. not a great painter. learns about canal prob. designs first sub.and makes a steamboat tries to market it in france, doesn't go fast enough. no one really cares. gets a watt engine and makes a steamboat in the US. our long rivers make it really practical. 

Term
Robert Livingston
Definition

Fulton's entrepreneur. He had political influence and money to back Fulton. He was ambassador to France in the Louisiana Purchase. 1803 Louisiana pruchase, 1810 US. Patent for steamboat

 

also got exclusive rights for 20yrs to NY waters if they could operate 20ton boat at 4mph 

Term
Francis Cabot Lowell
Definition

America's first major industry. went to england and learned about factory towns. his unique brain enabled him to memorize the way factories were set up in Britain etc. he was an entrepreneur and had a mathematical mind, business capability, and ideas for industry (and the only portrait thing of he and wifey is a lithograph)

 

used his wealth. use for arts and education etc.  

Remember year 1820

 

Term
James Francis
Definition

Engineer. was taken on as apprentice to Whistler who was a RR engineer and then went to Lowell to work for the Locks and Canals copany.  Weir (he had hydraulic experiments, the weir, created the canal walk and lock gate)

 

Hp = TV/(33000) 

Term
Coalbrookdale blast furnace
Definition

Abraham Darby I first succeded in smelting iron with coal. then moved to coalbrookdale on the river Severn

coke instead of charcoal.  

Term
Iron Bridge
Definition

Built in Coalbrookdale

1780- Abraham Darby III

Prichard architect

Advertisement for the skill of Coalbrookdale Iron masons.

there was a great flood of 1795 in the River Severn and all of the wood and stone bridges were washed away but Iron Bridge stayed up! 

Term
Craigellachie Bridge
Definition
1815 150 ft arch
Term
Menai Straits Bridge
Definition

1825

580 ft suspension 

Telford origionally wanted an arch bridge but couldn't because navy wanted to take a boat under the bridge so that was easier as a suspension bridge.

 

(Robert Stephenson's bridge The Brittania in 1850 is the RR one that runs next to it) 

Term
Watt rotary steam engine or seperate condensor
Definition

1770 Seperate Condensor Patent

 

then sun and planetary gears

watt linkage 

Term
Clermont
Definition
Fulton's steamboat the secured the rights to the NY waters by going upstream at greater than 4mph.
Term
Francis Turbine
Definition

1850

increased efficiency by a lot got up to around 90% efficiency. Boyden designed it but then Lowell bought the rights. Francis adapted it and made it better and then ran extensive tests. extensively studied it.and made rules. etc.  

Scientific: lowell hydraulic experiments. great r+d

Social: Water policeman the weir, how to share

Symbolic: canal walk and lock gate park

 

Term
Prony Brake
Definition

kindof clamps onto the turbine to measure the efficiency of the turbine.

by friction.

1850ish too

called Prony Dynamometer 

used to measure Qout 

Term
George and Robert Stephenson
Definition

George - engineer. studied works/made calculations/fullscaletests

important rail lines - liverpool - manchester, london - birmingham - manchester, chester - holyhead

 

idea of traction was a biigg dealio

first engine line by George Stephenson was in 1825

(competition - which was won by the rocket) 

stephenson locomotive of 1835 looks like a legitimate engine.  

Term
J. Edgar Thompson
Definition

quaker. started as Georgia RR engineer/ Pennsylvania RR engineer

1852 Pennsylvania RR president.  

he was great because he kept pennsylvania rr on the top of it's game by being a technological trendsetter, returning profits to the company, created world's largest transportation network.

contrast to vanderbilts because he didn't wanted to run the company at a profit for the company. not to make him millions.

Term
Leland Stanford
Definition

governer of california  - met at promentory point coming from the west. met Durant vp of union pacific with General dodge. Stanford swung the hammer to pound in the last (golden) spike. but missed. but that's ok.

 

Term
Joseph Henry
Definition

1830 - Henry's electromagnet and telegraph

Startedc work as jewlers apprentice/ teacher/ assistant/private tutor/ surveyor/ teacher and scholar of science

Silliman. because of 1830 discovery became professor at Princeton. also taught princetn's first course in architecture. became head of the Smithsonian.  

Term
Samuel Morse
Definition

started off as a painter/first professor of art/ telegraph patent

 

1840 telegraph patent 

 

"intelligence at a distance" 

Term
Ezra Cornell
Definition

was really instrumental in actually putting up telegraph lines as I recall. he got the whole 'above ground' idea.

becomes the major stockholder in Western Union

WESTERN UNION = TELEGRAPH CO.  

Term
Andrew Carnegie
Definition

associated year?? 

 

poor immigrant. arrives by steamboat in pittsburgh/ textile worker (note father was a hand weaver)/ telegraph operator/ Pennsylvania RR superintednet/ Bridge Co. director( learned about industry and investments while working on RR)/ Bond salesman

First one billion dollar industry

 philanthropist

Term
Henry Clay Frick
Definition

Carnegie's partner. kindof a hardass. but he gave money to princeton so alright.

after jones dies he is the one who takes control of the plant. has the whole issue with calling in the pinkertons after the strike etc.  

 

He originally had a company that made and sold coke, so he teamed up with carnegie to have the whole system down.  

Term
Alexander Lyman Holley
Definition

American went to observe Bessemer process. in 1863 negotiated rights to the Bessemer Process in the US.  in US he designed the first US Bessemer steel plant.

Holley started with an interest in trains. he didn't want to go to Yale, went to brown to study science and applications.

illustrated and wrote. when he came back in 1863 he promoted steel making in the US. he came together with Carnegie in 1872 and the rest is history. He was a good plant designer.

date to remember: 1863 or just 1865 

Term
Henry Bessemer
Definition
almost came up with steel on accident. He was a serious inventor. created the bessemer process for making the steel from molten pig iron. his father was a machinist and he became one at a young age as well.
Term
Pennsylvania RR
Definition
Thomson... look it up. great because he put money back into the company and led with technological innovations i think.
Term
Promontory Point
Definition

Meeting of Union Pacific and Central Pacific.

MAY 10 1869 (just remember 1870)

 

leland stanford missed

bummers for him

that's why stanford is not as good as princeton 

Term
Telegraph
Definition

built line between DC and baltimore in 1843 "what hath god wrought" in 1844.

 

western union telegraph company by 1865 over 200000 miles of telegraph 

Term

1855 

Bessemer Process

Definition
[image]
Term
J. Edgar Thompson Steel Works
Definition

huge capacity. designed by J. Edgar Thompson. Carnegie's mill. built 1875

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Thomas Cole

 

shows transition in American view of wilderness due to steamboat and RR 

 

1840 ish

"transformation of vision" 

Term
Language and Meaning of Engineering
Definition

Scientific: formulas as relationships

social: contexts for construction

Symbolic: changes in vision 

Term
4 main ideas of engineering
Definition
Structures, Machines, Networks, Processes
Term
[image]
Definition
Craigellachie bridge
Term
[image]
Definition
Menai Straits bridge (also telford)
Term
Equation for horizongal thrust from a bridge
Definition
H=(qL^2)/(8d)
Term
Equation for Hp out from a cyllinder
Definition
Hp=PLAN/(33,000)
Term
Power from electricity  
Definition
P=IV=I^2R
Term
Blast Furnace Process
Definition

Fe2O3 + 3C + (3/2)O2 --> 2Fe + 3CO2

 

Fe2O3 is iron ore - hematite -  

Term
[image]
Definition
Iron Bridge... wooohoooo
Term
Iron Bridge/Eiffel Tower
Definition
First and last things to really be made out of Iron (pre steel)
Term
Independence, Iron, and Industry
Definition

1776-1855

 

basically revolution to civil war 

Term
Connecting the Continent
Definition

1830-1876

 

Term
Axial stress on a boiler
Definition
F1 = (Pr)/h
Term
Circumferential stress on a boiler
Definition
F2 = (Pr)/2h
Term
Alexander Graham Bell
Definition

'Visible Speech' - family in speech and hearing/ deaf ppl. visible speech is notation of how to move your mouth basically.

Scotland to canada/teaches deaf in Boston/ Professor at BU

 first idea was to send multiple messages perwire

harmonic telegraph - oscillating reeds  

Term
British Metal
Definition

New material: Iron. industrialization and structural art lead to the creation of Iron bridge.

note: they also had decentralized society, island isolation and a strong navy, natural resources and wealth. and they needed bridges.

 

Iron: stronger than wood and stone. lighter than stone, more permanent than wood.  

Term
Iron Bridge Vs. Craigellachie
Definition

Iron bridge was: semicircular arch, 'mutilated' arch, circles for decor

Craigellachie was: parabolic arch, unbroken arch, triangles for support. 

Term
Formula for cable strength
Definition

stress = force over area

 

expressed for some god-awful reason in this class by f=(T/A)

 

safety factor = stress at break/stress allowable 

Term
Interesting Role Models
Definition

Othmar Ammann - Thomas Telford

Andrew Carnegie - James Watt

Henry Ford - Thomas Edison  

Term
Transformations due to Watt
Definition

Scientific: heat to work

social: animal to machine

Symbolic: reciprocating to rotary 

Term
Watt/Boulton Partnership
Definition

Became partners and in

1775 - Patent Extension

which allowed them to control the market. then in 1782 watt developed a double acting rotary engine by Boulton's suggestions.  

 

Boulton: was an investor and entrepreneur/ got the patent extension/ gave watt the R&D lab 

Term
The steamboat was...
Definition
America's first great contribution to modern technology
Term
Theories of Innovation
Definition

applied science

social process

individual genius 

Term
Steamboats and national politics
Definition

1824 gibbons v. ogden - NO MONOPOLIES

1824-1852 boiler explosions CONGRESSIONAL DEBATES

1852 alfred guthrie's report REGULATORY AGENCY 

Term
Boiler explosions
Definition

Franklin Institute - Stresses

Alfred Guthrie - Statistics

Mark Twain - Stories 

Term
Power output of a water turbine dealio
Definition
Hp = (QwH)/(33000)
Term
resistance change with length formula
Definition
R = (pL)/A where p is actually rho
Term
Vail Family
Definition

Stephen Vail - Morse Investor

Alfred Vail - Morse Partner

Theodore Vail - Bell and AT&T CEO 

Term
telegraph patent battle
Definition

morse v. henry

very sad. what a bummers. i think morse stole the whole lot of henry's reaserch.

 

also i'll mention here that this telegraph business created a whole lotta $$ that went into things like education etc.  

Term
The Gauge War
Definition

Stephenson - narrow gauge

Brunel - Wide gauge (argued could carry more. better)

Guage act 1846

 

went with narrow gauge. there was more of it.  

Term
Chicago V St Louis
Definition

East-west v. North-south in civil war  

RRs v. Steamboats

Civil war favors..... CHICAGO 

building los bridges. the eads bridge one 1875 (beat the boomer bridge) eads was from the st. louis side. steamboads were then kindof permo demoted because they had to change to get under the bridge and teh RR showed up. eads bridge is the one with the 2 tiers and RR on the second tier. but it's open. EADS BRIDGE MADE OF STEEL 

Term
Steel contribution to american society  
Definition

Scientific: Bessemer process

Social: Building Cities

Symbolic: wealth - libraries and education 

Term
Steel
Definition

Really strong (like 10 times that of wrought Iron)

1-2% carbon

steel was really an issue in the broken iron rails in the RRs.  

Bessemer process 

Term
Carnegie's Cast
Definition

Henry Clay Frick - Partner

J. Edgar Thompson - Mill

Alexander Holley - Designer 

Term
Thomas Edison
Definition

Lighting a City

telegraph operator/inventor and innovator/entrepreneur and manufacturer 

first successful invention - stock ticker sold to western union. i think.  Inventive Genius.

' wizard of menlo park' 

Term
Westinghouse
Definition
"Power at a Distance"
Term
MENLO PARK
Definition

 Thomas Edison 1875

Reserach Lab

Lighting system idea

Incandescent lamp 

 

here in 1877 he developed the phonograph

 

1880 demo for politicians with electric light 

Term
Pearl Street Plant
Definition

1880

Scientific: High Resistance Filament

Social: Competition with gas light

Symbolic: First Lights to Wall street (economic and news center) 

provided power to one square mile of lower manhattan

Edison GE/Thompson-Houston = GE

 

Term
J. P. Morgan
Definition

Scientific:Edison investor

Social: GE founder

Symbolic: America's Banker 

Term
Current War
Definition

Edison - DC

Westinghouse - AC (using transformers to step up/step down current)

 

Term
Inflexible Innovators
Definition

Watt - low pressure steam

Edison - DC power

Ford - car design 

Term
Hubbard
Definition

Files Bell's Patent in 1875 Beats Gray!

most profitable patent in history

 

Term
Bell Telephone Company
Definition
1875 - Hubbard Sanders and Bell form a company (note that Bell marries Hubbard's daughter)
Term
Theodore Vail
Definition

First time around:(hired by Bell) Buys western electric/ forms AT&T  - resigns 1885

 Second time around: 1905 JP morgan takes over AT&T and rehires Vail, AT&T becomes regulated by ICC in 1913

Term
CONNECTING THE CONTINENT DATES
Definition

TELEGRAPH: 1860 western union

RAILROAD: 1870 Union Pacific/Central Pacific

TELEPHONE: 1915 bell/watson 

Term
The Telephone
Definition

Alexander Graham Bell 1875 

 

Scientific: series circuit

Social: regulated monopoly

Symbolic: speaking at a distance 

Term
Moody  
Definition

Lowell mills engineer

 

Term
Weir
Definition

1850

basically a big level that controls the flow coming over a lock. basically. It was important because it allowed Francis to study flow.  

Term
Lancastor Locomotive
Definition
Baldwin. 1835. it has the piston running parallel to the crosshead then turns to rotary motion. modernish setup. first one to operate successfully on the Philedelphi and Columbia Rairload.
Term
Lowell's ideas/changes
Definition

from farm to Factory

from Country to City

from Craft to Engineering 

 

engineering works:

structures: the river dam

machine: the water turbine

networks: interconnected power canals

processes: cloth making 

Term
Telegraph dates
Definition

1830 Henry Experiment

1830 Morse's shipboard idea

1835 Gale helps Morse

1840 Morse shows Van Buren 

Term
Electromagnetism dates
Definition

1820 e + m linked

1825 Horshoe magnet

1830 Henry's electromagnet and telegraph

 

Term
Gale v. Vail
Definition

Gale: helped morse

Vail: student. father was financial backer.  

Term
Franklin Institute
Definition
study stuff.
Term
Men of Progress
Definition
That painting by that dude. with all of the mjaor innovators. Christian schussele is the painter. includes Henry, morse, etc.
Term
famous telegraphers
Definition

Morse - telegraph

Carnegie - Steel industry

Bell - Telephone

Edison - Electric Power

Marconi- Wireless 

Term
societal impacts of the RR
Definition

basically created cities because the trains had to stop and turn around somewhere.

 

ripped up the landscape in a +/- way whatever you think. created infrastructure. really used the steel that came from Carnegie.  

Term
Capitan Jones
Definition
He was superintednent of the plant. he understood steelmaking and understood workers so no issues there. He facilitated a good relationship between carnegie and teh workers so no strike issues.
Term
what happens to carnegie/ us steel
Definition

after frick screws up the labor strikes there is a PR disaster. so now carnegie wants to sell. sells to JP Morgan. then carnegie is rich. really really rich. so he makes donations! he creates a pension fund for teachers, gives public libraries, carnegie hall, a lake.

 

biggest donor to princeton was Frick and frick's whole family kindof goes/went here.  

Term
Francis Upton
Definition

Edison helper. Princeton grad.

physicist and mathematician. helped explain mathematically some of edison's ideas. did analysis 

Term
Light
Definition

Arc lamp 1810

 

Incandescent light with carbonized cardboard filament 1880

 

(edison also built dynamo. a great one. spinning wire in field of permanent magnet) 

Term
Tesla
Definition
Induction motor enabled use of AC Current.
Term
AC
Definition

westinghouse

Use of the transformer I1/I2 =N2/N1 = V2/V1

 

Term
Hubbard
Definition

Bell's financial backer

bell also married and taught his deaf daughter

go figure

also partner with thomas sanders 

Term
Watson
Definition
Bell's assistant from charles williams shop in Boston where edison also had equipment made.
Term
Bell Telephone Co
Definition

Got all the patents!

and the final version of the telephone actually used the bell reciever but an edison carbon dealio transmitter. because bell sued for patents (sued western union wh had gray and edison's patents on telephone)

 

Term
George Campbell
Definition
Used inductance to give long distance calls greater sthrength and clarity. iron cores with wires wound around them. inductive loading was employed by the bell system in 1902. then development of amplifiers.
Term
1915
Definition
first transcontinental phone call
Term
Harmonic Telegraph
Definition

Bell

1875 

Term
1 kip
Definition
1000 lbf
Term
1ksi
Definition
1000 psi
Supporting users have an ad free experience!