requires modified use of the laryrngeal valve

amount of airflow resistacne is determined by the type of speech (whispering, breathy, voicing) 

-in speech, in stead of cutting airflow off completely, the vocal fold adduct just enough to begin vibration

-swallowing reflexes prevent speech all together

laryngeal vavle is opened so air can flow unobstructed into the throat and mouth

air can be resisted by the lips and tongue

-breathing adjustments are least modified

considerable resistance of air from the vocal folds

-if there was no friction, whipering would be inauditable

-glottal edges stiffen

-VF's far enough apart--no vibration

-glottis seperated posteriorly--glottal chink(allow airflow without vibration)

-subglottal air pressure

-bernouli effect

-single vibration of vocal fold

3 stages:

1. opening

2. closing

3. closed

begins as folds move toward eachother, ending as soon as the glottis is closed (or as nearly closed as it will get)

is the effect of loose coupling of the cover and muscle

-produces the vertical mucosal wave essential for speech

-vibration would not occur at all if not for VPD in VF's during glottal cycle

-determine when & where the VF's will seperate

-how quickly they will open & close

-how long they will remain closed 

(First Vibratiory Complexity)

Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory

glottal vibration is the result of the interaction between aerodynamic forces & vocal fold muscular forces

-theory= phonation is the interaction of airflow with muscular resistance

motion of the mucous membrane covering the true VF's

-vibrates more than the vocalis

-moves like jelly

-may be more essential to phonation than the muscles

Bernouli Effect

- gives lift to an airplane wing

Myoelastic Factor 

(muscular & elastic tissue)

Longitudinal Tension

(stiffness)

to stiffen the folds and increase thier resistance resulting from mass 

-thicken vocalis muscle

determines how well they dissapte force applied to them

-the more viscous the VF's, the more they decrease velocity of any movement they are forced to make 

closer the molecules, the higher pressure and slower they move

faster the air velocity, the lower they pressure, and the faster they move and further spaced apart

mode of adjustment of the larynx by which the voice is produced

-makes a profound difference in quality, pitch, range, and loudness.

3 types:

1. Modal

2. Falsetto

3. Pulse

Almost all speech is produced with 1 register w a combo of modes of laryngeal vibration

Modal Register

(chest or heavy)

used for speech

-produced low fundamental requencies

-associated w/ vocalis muscle (keep VF short) & cricothyroid muscle (produce high Fun. Freq.)

-VF's short and thick

-VF stiffness is low

-folds come together completely

-rich in harmonics

-conversion of muscular-aerodynamic energy to sound energy is efficient

Falsetto Register

(light)

produces a higher range of Fun. Freq.

vocalis is lax, cricothyroid adjusts the length of VF

-long, thin VF

-stiffer folds

-smaller amp of vibration

-incomplete closure

-few high harmonics

-less eff. in converting energy

Pulse Register

(vocal fry, glottal fry, glottal roll)

low freq., sounds are often rough and deep

NOT used freq. for speech or singing

-short, thick, lax VF

-complex vibratory patterns

-folds come together twice in each closing phase

perception of fundamental frequency of voice determined by glottal vibration rate

-related to sxie of the larynx and espeically to the size of VF's

measure of how high or low the frequency of a persons voice sounds. Its psychological correlation is pitch. 

-frequency of the VF vibration & correlates w/ changes in VF tension & subglottal air pressure

Males: 80-240 Hz ≈125 Hz

Females:165- 225 Hz

Infant: 100-1200 Hz

fundamental freq. decreases

-adolesants grow fastest--fastest change in larynx

voice breaks

skips

unsteadiness

any area superior to glottis (vocal tract)

-anything that can selectivly permit some things to pass through and block other things

-when there is movement of the articulators, sound change occurs. VFs make a tone & the vocal tract modifies the tone

-Oral Cavity

-Pharyngeal Cavity (3 sections)

1.nasopharynx

2. oropharynx

3.laryngopharynx

-Nasal Cavity

lips

velum (soft palate)

tongue

mandible

cheeks

pharyngeal cavity

hyoid bone

alveolar ridge

hard palate

teeth

tongue

mandible

teeth

hard palate

velum (soft palate)

made of cartilage and bone

concha:form the tubes

terbunants:tubes formed by concha

it is..

cleaned

moistened

warmed

--this happens in 10 cm - 4 in. (quickly)

mandible 

maxillae (2)

lacrimal bones(2)

inferior nasal concha (2)

nasal bones (2)

vomer 

zygomatic bones(2)

palatine bones (2)

strongest facial bone (only one that moves)

-begins as a pair, becomes one by 12 mo. of age

fuses together at mental symphysis

3 different movements:

hinging- open mouth (eating huge burger)

gliding- eating, making sounds

translation- grinding (side to side) 

condyler process

coronoid process

mandibular notch

mental foramen

base

body

ramus

angle

made of 2 bones fused together along palatal fissure

-shapes eyes & nose

-houses top teeth

zygomatic process

side of nose (behind nasal shape of maxillae)

lacrimal duct: tears

attatches to frontal bone & maxillae to create cheek bone

-makes up inferior portion of eye socket

ethmoid bone

spheniod bone

core of the skull. this perpindicular plate help divide the nasal cavity 

-posteior to nasal bones

-anterior to sphenoid bone