The base on which all other capitals depend. Any stock of natural assets that yields a flow of valuable goods and services into the future. 

ex. climate, air, soils, water (quality and quantity), landscape, biodiversity w/ multiple uses

The knowledge, skills, competencies, and other attributes embodied in individuals that facilitate the creation of personal, social, and economic well-being.

Ex. population, creativity, youth, diverse groups, health, self-esteem, education, skills, knowledge, leadership and access to services 

Human Capital as a Labor Force

Individuals vs. Community

Individuals: level of schooling/training ability.

Community: age structure (baby boom gen. sets up for too many seniors by 2020), match between skillsets and jobs available

• Lack of education/skills (industry dependency, primary(degrees) vs. secondary markets(non-degree)
• Lack of opportunity structure (exodus of age group)
• Entry level drain
• Brain Drain
• Poverty and health problems
• The higher education paradox

Issues with Health Care

(sustainability)

• It's a labor force sustainability issue...
• Our economy depends on a productive work force
• Many health care plans are paid for by employers
• Financial capital→Human Capital

Poverty and Low Income - Unsustainable concerns

Why?

• Unsustainable primarily through effects on human capital (health, productivity, community contribution, legacy)
• Solutions use financial capital (ex. food stamps) As well as Built Capital

• Refers to the organizations, structures, and social relations, which people build up themselves, independently of the state or large corporations.
• It contributes to stronger community fabric and often as a by-product of other activities, builds bonds of information, trust, and inter-personal solidarity.
• Mutual trust that exists among and within groups and communities. 
• the relationships, networks and norms that facilitate collective action, or the shared knowledge, understandings and patterns of interactions that a group of people bring to any productive activity
• The "glue" that holds our communities together
• trust, norms of reciprocity, group membership, cooperation, common vision and goals, leadership, depersonalization of politics, acceptance of alternative views, diverse representation

• It is not limited by material scarcity, meaning it's creative capacity is limited only by imagination
• The only limitations are that it cannot be created instantly and the very fact of trying to consciously create it or direct it can create resistance

Consists of connections among individuals and groups with similar backgrounds. These connections may be based on principally on class, ethnicity, kinship, gender, or similar social characteristics. Members of a group with high bonding capital know one another in multiple settings or roles. Ties are affective or emotionally charged.

(multiple linkages)

Connects diverse groups within the community to each other and to groups outside the community. The ties that make up bridging social capital usually are single-purpose or instrumental, whereas bonding ties are affective or emotionally charged.

• Is the product of shared experience through traditions, customs, values, heritage recognition, identity, celebration and history.
• Includes values and approaches to life that have both economic and noneconomic implications. It can be thought of as a filter through which ppl live their lives.
• Examples: language, rituals, traditional crops, dress 

• Level of community organization through the use of government; ability of government to garner resources for the community
• Is the ability of a group to influence the standards of the market, state, or civil society; the codification of those standards in laws and contracts; and the enforcement of those standards.
• This in turn influences the distribution of resources within a social unit, including helping set the agenda for what resources are available and who is eligible o receive them.
• Includes organization, connections, voice, power and inclusion. 
• Rural communities have relatively little political capital at the federal level

Consists of money that is used for investment rather than consumption. Investment means using a purchase or a financial instrument to create additional value. 

• Communities can utilize the financial capital of state, market, and civil society. 
• More than just $$, monetary instruments, highly liquid, generate income or can be converted into other assets
• Examples: income, wealth, security, tax burden/savings, state and federal tax money, grants, contracts, regulatory exemption, investments

The infrastructure that supports other community capitals: housing, transportation infrastructure, factories, schools, roads, restored habitat, community centers, etc.

•It can be appropriated by special interests or be widely available to all community residents.

Unsustainable without involvement of other capitals (use and ownership, support)

•Other Examples: water systems, sewers, utilities, health systems, schools, commercial buildings, telecommunications networks

• Environment
• Economy
• Education
• Equity
• Evaluation

•Communities which are located near natural resources that are viewed as a source of beauty and recreation by the larger population. They include bodies of water and mountains

- Stresses: Natural, Built, Cultural

•Mammoth Lakes example: rural communities in high-amenity areas struggle with the problems of rapid growth: high in migration, high housing costs, increasing taxes that force long-term residents out of the community, and a growing immigrant population attracted by jobs in the service community.

•Rapid development effects natural cap. Commercial water use, increase use of land and sewage issues are some of the things that contribute to soil erosion and a general degradation of nearby wilderness areas.

• McDowell County example: a comm. that only knew mining for generations. Mining companies pulled out and left families without jobs. Illiteracy is high, as well as infant mortality rates. Doctors, dentists and other professionals are hard to come by, young ppl see little reason to invest in schools with no future jobs, communities can't attract business, and there is no tax base with which to build he needed roads, bridges and schools.
• Stresses: Financial, Human, Political, Built

• Rural counties that experienced population increases greater than the national average and owe their growth to the adjacent metropolitan areas.
• Communities within commuting distance of a large metropolitan area. Urban sprawl threatens their natural, financial and social capital.
• Farmland gives way to development and new services are required. Tax base doesn't expand as fast as the growing pop. Developers make money, but local gov'ts struggle to keep basic services in place for community residents.

A planned, collective effort to recognize and define community problems, identify assets, and engage in actions to increase the capacity of residents to improve their quality of life.

Development - structural change in the community

- how resources change in the community

- the functioning of institutions

- distribution of resources

The Iceberg Concept of Culture

Surface Culture...Emotional Load...Examples

Deep Culture...Emo Load...Examples

Surface Culture - Above Sea Level - Emo Load: Relatively Low.

Examples: food, language, dress, music, visual arts, drama, games

Deep Culture

Unspoken Rules - Partially BSL - Emotional Load: Very High.

Examples: courtesy, concept of time, personal space, rules of conduct, facial expressions, touching, eye contact, concept of beauty, body language

Unconscious Rules - Completely Submerged - Emotional Load: Intense 

Examples: tempo of work, concepts of food, tone of voice, concept of cleanliness, definition of insanity, definition of obesity, nature of friendships, theory of disease, ideals of childrearing

• Family
• Tradition
• Workplace
• Ethnic Group
• Peer-groups
• Media
• School

• Low-density , commute-based development (urban and rural sprawl)
• Smaller households, more living space
• Expanding ecological footprint
• Importing carrying capacity and exporting degradation
• Aging infrastructure
• Response to changing economies
• Socio-economic inequality

Entrepreneurial Social Infrastructure

(ESI)

• Indicates the structures and impacts that occur when both bridging and bonding social capital are high = good community cohesiveness, positive action
• It brings cultural, social and political capital together

-Legitimization of alternatives

-Inclusive and diverse networks

-Resource mobilization (willingness to take risks for local projects or amenities...)

• Differs from Social Capital in 2 ways (1) Links social capital to agency (collective action), (2) Focuses on the outcomes of the inclusion of diversity

Arnstein's Ladder 

Types of Participation and "Nonparticipation"

Bottom Rungs - (1)Manipulation & (2)Therapy: levels of Nonparticipation: substitute for genuine participation. Their real objective is not to enable the person to participate in planning or conducting programs, but to enable powerholders to "educate" or "cure" the participants.

(3)Informing, (4)Consultation & (5)Placation(different in that it allows havenots to advise) -Tokenism: allow the have-nots to hear and have a voice. They lack the power to ensure that their views will be heeded/considered by the powerful. No assurance of status quo change.

(6)Partnership, (7)Delegated Power, & (8)Citizen Control - Levels of Citizen Power: Have-not citizens obtain the majority of decision-making seats, or full managerial power. Partnerships are allowed to engage in trade-offs and negotiate with traditional powerholders. 

Land Use

Urban vs. Rural

• The most substantial form of human impact
• In Urban areas: infill management of densities combined with the attraction of growth - manage effects of industry and transportation, - energy efficiency
• In Rural Areas: ability to accommodate growth and maintain original characteristics, ability to produce food, ability to provide habitat, & manage the effects of industry and extraction