Term
| How many bits are the source and destination IPv4 addresses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for the decimal representation of the binary IP address called? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many bits are there between each “dot”? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are those bits called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define the network portion of an IP address? |
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Definition
| It is a group of hosts that have identical bit patterns in the network address portion of their addresses. |
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Term
| What is the host portion of the IP address? |
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Definition
| Although all 32 bits define the IPv4 host address, we have a variable number of bits that are called the host portion of the address. |
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Term
| What does the number of bits assigned to host determine? |
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Definition
| They determine the number of hosts that we can have within the network. |
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Term
| What is the binary range in decimal of a byte? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define a network address. |
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Definition
| Within the IPv4 address range of a network, the lowest address is reserved for the network address. |
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Term
| Define a broadcast address. |
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Definition
| The broadcast address uses the highest address in the network range. |
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Term
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Definition
| The addresses assigned to the end devices in the network. |
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Term
| What is the range where host addresses assigned? |
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Definition
| Located between the network and the broadcast address. |
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Term
| What is assigned to determine how many bits are in network bits? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do the number of hosts that can be assigned stay the same when prefix changes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you calculate the network value? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you calculate the first host value? |
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Definition
| 1 greater than the network address |
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Term
| How do you calculate the broadcast address? |
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Definition
| All host bits are turned on-- All host bits are 1’s. |
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Term
| How do you calculate the last host address? |
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Definition
| 1 less than the broadcast address |
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Term
| Define unicast transmission |
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Definition
| It is the process of sending a packet from one host to an individual host. |
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Term
| Define broadcast transmission |
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Definition
| It is the process of sending a packet from one host to all hosts in the network. |
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Term
| Define multicast transmission |
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Definition
| It is the process of sending a packet from one host to a selected group of hosts. |
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Term
| What is another name for a unicast address? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does a host process a broadcast transmission? |
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Definition
| It processes the packet as it would a packet to its unicast address. |
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Term
| What is a broadcast transmission used for? |
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Definition
| It is used for the location of special services/devices for which the address is not known or when a host needs to provide information to all the hosts on the network. |
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Term
| What are the three examples of broadcast transmissions? |
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Definition
• Mapping upper layer addresses to lower layer addresses
• Requesting an address
• Exchanging routing information by routing protocols |
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Term
| When does a host send a broadcast? |
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Definition
| When a host needs information, the host sends a request, called a query, to the broadcast address |
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Term
| How do hosts with the information usually respond to the broadcast? |
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Definition
| One or more of the hosts with the requested information will respond, typically using unicast. |
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Term
| What is a directed broadcast? |
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Definition
| A directed broadcast is sent to all hosts on a specific network. |
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Term
| What is a limited broadcast used for? |
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Definition
| It is used for communication that is limited to the hosts on the local network. |
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Term
| What forms the boundary for a broadcast domain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is multicast designed to do? |
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Definition
| To conserve the bandwidth of the IPv4 network |
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Term
| What are the 4 examples of multicast transmissions? |
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Definition
• Video and audio broadcasts
• Routing information exchange by routing protocols
• Distribution of software
• News feeds |
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Term
| How are multicast addresses assigned? |
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Definition
| The multicast clients use services initiated by a client program to subscribe to the multicast group. |
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Term
| What is the range for multicast addresses? |
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Definition
| 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 |
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Term
| What is the range for experimental addresses? |
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Definition
| 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254 |
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Term
| List the three private address blocks? |
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Definition
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16) |
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Term
| What happens if a packet with a private IP address was sent to the Internet? |
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Definition
| It would not be forwarded. |
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Term
| What is NAT Network Address Translation services used for? |
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Definition
| It is used to translate private addresses to public addresses; hosts on a privately addressed network can have access to resources across the Internet. |
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Term
| How does NAT allow a host with a private address to access the Internet? |
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Definition
| It allows the host to “borrow” a public IP address. |
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Term
| What is the range for local-link addresses? |
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Definition
| 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255 |
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Term
| When is a local link address assigned to a device? |
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Definition
| Automatically assigned to the local host by the operating system in environments where no IP configuration is available. |
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Term
| What is the first octet range of Class A? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first octet range of Class B? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first octet range of Class C? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first octet range of Class D? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first octet range of Class E? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the limitation of classful routing? |
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Definition
| It wasted many addresses, which exhausted the availability of IPv4 addresses. |
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Term
| What is the address system used today called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why should the allocation of addresses inside the networks be planned and documented? And for what purpose? |
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Definition
Preventing duplication of addresses
Providing and controlling access
Monitoring security and performance |
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Term
| What are the different examples of types of hosts? |
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Definition
End devices for users
Servers and peripherals
Hosts that are accessible from the Internet
Intermediary devices |
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Term
| What considerations should be used about where private IP addresses should be used? |
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Definition
• Will there be more devices connected to the network than public addresses allocated by the network's ISP?
• Will the devices need to be accessed from outside the local network?
• If devices that may be assigned private addresses require access to the Internet, is the network capable of providing a Network Address Translation (NAT) service?
• Will there be more devices connected to the network than public addresses allocated by the network's ISP?
• Will the devices need to be accessed from outside the local network?
• If devices that may be assigned private addresses require access to the Internet, is the network capable of providing a Network Address Translation (NAT) service?
• Will there be more devices connected to the network than public addresses allocated by the network's ISP?
• Will the devices need to be accessed from outside the local network?
• If devices that may be assigned private addresses require access to the Internet, is the network capable of providing a Network Address Translation (NAT) service?
• Will there be more devices connected to the network than public addresses allocated by the network's ISP?
• Will the devices need to be accessed from outside the local network?
• If devices that may be assigned private addresses require access to the Internet, is the network capable of providing a Network Address Translation (NAT) service?
• Will there be more devices connected to the network than public addresses allocated by the network's ISP?
• Will the devices need to be accessed from outside the local network?
• If devices that may be assigned private addresses require access to the Internet, is the network capable of providing a Network Address Translation (NAT) service?
• Will there be more devices connected to the network than public addresses allocated by the network's ISP?
• Will the devices need to be accessed from outside the local network?
• If devices that may be assigned private addresses require access to the Internet, is the network capable of providing a Network Address Translation (NAT) service?
• Will there be more devices connected to the network than public addresses allocated by the network's ISP?
• Will the devices need to be accessed from outside the local network?
• If devices that may be assigned private addresses require access to the Internet, is the network capable of providing a Network Address Translation (NAT) service?
• Will there be more devices connected to the network than public addresses allocated by the network's ISP?
• Will the devices need to be accessed from outside the local network?
• If devices that may be assigned private addresses require access to the Internet, is the network capable of providing a Network Address Translation (NAT) service? |
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Term
| Which devices should have static IP addresses assigned? |
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Definition
| Printers, servers, and other networking devices that need to be accessible to clients on the network |
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Term
| What does DHCP provide for an end device? |
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Definition
| It provides automatic assignment of addressing information such as IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and other configuration information. |
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Term
| What is the block of addresses a DHCP server use called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which devices should have a static IP address? Why? |
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Definition
Servers and printers
So hosts can have consistent access |
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Term
| What does almost all traffic pass through when going between networks? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which IP addresses are used for router interfaces? |
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Definition
| Lowest or Highest addresses in the range |
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Term
| What is the organization that assigns IP addresses in the US? |
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Definition
| Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) |
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Term
| What are the advantages of having a Tier 1 ISP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the focus of a Tier 2 ISP? |
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Definition
| The focus of these ISPs is on business customers. |
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Term
| What is the focus of a Tier 3 ISP? |
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Definition
| The focus of these ISPs is the retail and home markets in a specific locale. |
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Term
| What was the main issue to be addressed by IPv6? |
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Definition
| Creating expanded addressing capabilities |
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Term
| What were the other issues that were considered when developing IPv6? |
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Definition
Improved packet handling
Increased scalability and longevity
QoS mechanisms
Integrated security |
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Term
| List the added features of IPv6. |
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Definition
• 128-bit hierarchical addressing - to expand addressing capabilities
• Header format simplification - to improve packet handling
• Improved support for extensions and options - for increased scalability/longevity and improved packet handling
• Flow labeling capability - as QoS mechanisms
• Authentication and privacy capabilities - to integrate security |
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Term
| How is the subnet mask created? |
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Definition
| By placing a binary 1 in each bit position that represents the network portion and placing a binary 0 in each bit position that represents the host portion |
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Term
| What is true if the octet of the subnet mask is 255? |
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Definition
| The entire octet is network/subnetwork bits. |
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Term
| What is true if the octet of the subnet mask is 0? |
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Definition
| The entire octet is host bits. |
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Term
| What is the result of the ANDing process? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A utility for testing IP connectivity between hosts |
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Term
| What happens when the destination host receives an echo request? |
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Definition
| It responds with an ICMP Echo Reply datagram. |
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Term
| What is the address to ping the local host? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a response from the local host tell you? |
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Definition
| That IP is properly installed on the host |
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Term
| What doesn’t the response from the local host tell you? |
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Definition
| An indication that the addresses, masks, or gateways are properly configured |
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Term
| What does it tell you if a ping to the gateway is successful? |
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Definition
| It indicates that the host and the router's interface serving as that gateway are both operational on the local network. |
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Term
| What does it tell you if a ping to the remote host is successful? |
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Definition
| It means that we have verified our host's communication on the local network, the operation of the router serving as our gateway, and all other routers that might be in the path between our network and the network of the remote host. |
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Term
| What does the traceroute utility do? |
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Definition
| It allows you to observe the path(s) between hosts. |
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Term
| Define Round Trip Time (RTT). |
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Definition
| It is the time a packet takes to reach the remote host and for the response from the host to return. |
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Term
| Define Time to Live (TTL). |
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Definition
| When a packet enters a router, the TTL field is decremented by 1. When the TTL reaches zero, a router will not forward the packet and the packet is dropped. |
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Term
| What does ICMP provide for the TCP/IP protocol stack? |
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Definition
| ICMP provides control and error messages and is used by the ping and traceroute utilities. |
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Term
| List the 5 ICMP messages that may be sent? |
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Definition
1. Host conformation
2. Unreachable Destination or Service
3. Time exceeded
4. Route redirection
5. Source quench |
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Term
| What are the 4 destination unreachable codes listed? |
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Definition
0 = net unreachable
1 = host unreachable
2 = protocol unreachable
3 = port unreachable |
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