consists of the media that provides the pathway over which the

message can travel from source to destination.

occurs when the segments of two or more messages can shuffle into each

other and share the medium, interleaving the pieces as

they traverse the media.

a collection of two or more LANs connected

by WANs

protocol

that manages the individual conversations between web servers and web clients

responsible for taking the formatted segments from TCP, encapsulating them

into packets, assigning the appropriate addresses, and selecting the best path to the destination

host.

two or more computers are connected through a network and can

share resources such as printers and files without having a dedicated server

allows the user to manually

query the name servers to resolve a given host name

allows P2P applications to search for shared resources on peers.

The combination of the transport layer port number and the network layer IP address

assigned to the host uniquely identifies a particular process running on a specific host

device.

ex. 192.168.1.4:80

lists the protocol in use, the local address and port number,

the destination address and port number, and the state of the connection.

allows the

transport layer functions on the destination host to reassemble segments in the order in

which they were transmitted

The amount of data that a source can transmit before an acknowledgment must be received.  A field in the TCP header that enables the management

of lost data and flow control.

assists the reliability of TCP transmission by adjusting the effective rate of

data flow between the two services in the session.

This data is used to indicate the length of the header and is

checked by each router along the way

is sent to all hosts on a specific network and it uses an

IPv4 destination address that is the highest address in a network. This is the network

address with all 1s in the host bits.

is used for communication that is limited to the hosts on the local

network. These packets use a destination IPv4 address of all 1s (255.255.255.255).

addresses can be automatically assigned to the

local host by the operating system in environments where no IP configuration is available.

These might be used in a small peer-to-peer network or for a host that could not automatically

obtain an address from a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server.

a utility

that allows you to observe the path between hosts

the messaging protocol that provides feedback about issues related

to the processing of IP packets

prepares network layer packets for transmission

and controls access to the physical media.

define the processes by which network

devices can access the network media and transmit frames in diverse network environments

exists as a connecting layer between the software processes of the layers

above it and the hardware of physical layer below it.

places information in the frame that identifies which

network

layer protocol is being used for the frame.

provides data link layer addressing and delimiting of data according to the physical

signaling requirements of the medium and the type of data link layer protocol in

use.

is the equivalent of traffic rules that regulate the entrance of motor vehicles onto a

roadway.

the device examines the media for the presence of a

data signal. If the media is free, the device sends a notification across the media of its intent

to use it. The device then sends the data. This method is used by 802.11 wireless networking

technologies.

the device monitors the media for the presence of a data signal. If a data signal

is absent, indicating that the media is free, the device transmits the data. If signals are

then detected that show another device was transmitting at the same time, all devices stop

sending and try again later.

the way a network transfers frames from one node to the next. This

arrangement consists of virtual connections between the nodes of a network independent of

their physical layout.

a logical connection created within

a network between two network devices

the time it takes for a NIC at OSI Layer 2 to generate

1 bit of data and send it out to the media as a signal

the transfer rate of actual usable data bits, accounts for bits devoted to protocol overhead.

is throughput minus traffic

overhead for establishing sessions, acknowledgments, and encapsulation.

Directly connects like

devices, such as two hosts,

two switches, or two routers.

Also used to directly connect

a host to a router.

hybrid fibercoax

(HFC)

combines the electrical properties of coax and the bandwidth and distance

benefits of fiber-optic cable.

Operates in the 5-GHz frequency band

Speeds of up to 54 Mbps

Small coverage area

Operates in the 2.4-GHz frequency band

Speeds of up to 11 Mbps

Longer range and better able to penetrate building structures 

Operates in the 2.4-GHz frequency band

■ Speeds of up to 54 Mbps

■ Same radio frequency and range as 802.11b but with the bandwidth

of 802.11a

Standard is currently in draft form

■ Proposed 2.4-GHz or 5-GHz

■ Expected data rates are 100 Mbps to 210 Mbps, with a distance

range of up to 70 meters

manages the

communication between the networking software at upper layers and the lower layers

implemented in software, and its implementation is independent of the physical

equipment

controls the placement of frames on the media and the removal of

frames from the media.

The IEEE 802.3ac standard, released in 1998, extended the maximum allowable frame size

to 1522 bytes. The frame size increased to accommodate a technology used in these switched networks

time it takes the electrical signal

that is transmitted to propagate (travel) down

the cable.

the maximum time required to detect a collision.

This is equal to

twice the time it takes a signal to travel between the two most-distant stations on the network 

the time measured from the last bit

of the FCS field of one frame to the first bit of the Preamble of the next frame.

The delay after successful frame

transmission

a LAN switch will buffer an

incoming frame and then forward it to the proper port when that port is idle

the process of examining the destination MAC address of a frame

and forwarding it out the appropriate port. This is the central function of the switch.