-English

-convicts awaiting punishment

-based on the "fee system"

-Catchalls (vagabonds, etc.)

-Industrial Revolution= dispossession and crime rates soared which lead to...(next card) 

-US jails reformed

-1st US jail built in James City in Viriginia
in 1600's

-Focus was more on rehabilitation

-separate wing in Philidephia jail where inmates were placed in separate cells with the essentials. (Bible)

-Called Penitentiary House (Root: Penance, atonement for sins)

-Problems: Illiteracy, most inmates developed psycholgical issues, and overcrowding

-Focus was punitive

-5 floors, tier design

-Congregate system= work and ate in groups

-Solitary=Punishment

1. Those in Solitary

2. Those allowed to work as a recreational activity

3. Largest= Those who worked and ate together

Auburn Philosophy

-Crime Prevention through fear of punishment

-Silence is key, made uncomfortable to deter crime

1. Rising crime rates=>More punitive attitude

2. War on drugs

3. Greater reliance on incarceration, community based alternatives phased out

4. Longer sentences

-60% are minorities

1 in 8 are black males

intensified by war on drugs

17 white to 663 black nonviolent drug offenders (graph in class)

Jails

(Details)

-Short term (<1 year)

-originally for detainment

-now hold violators of probation, transfers, witnesses, etc.

-opperated at a local couty level

Prisons

(Details)

-Long term(>1 year)

-State or Federally opperated

 -4 kinds based on security level

Types of Prisons

1. Ultra-maximum

2. Maximum

3. Medium

4. Minimum

Ultra-Max Prisons

(Details)

-Worst prisoners

-Locked up 23 hours/day

-Goal=Absolute control

-All security procautions taken

-Door vs. bars

Maximum Security Prisons

(Details)

-1/4 of prisons

-tier system, watch towers armed guards, searches, head counts, etc.

Medium Security Prisons

(Details)

-35% of prison population

-less serious crimes, less escape risks

-educationa dn treatment opportunities

-higher rate of residivism, or the likelihood that they will offend again

Minimum Security Prisons

(Details)

-house white collar and 1st timers

-lots of freedoms

-guards not usually armed

-privileges allowed

1. Importation Model= housing violent people together will lead to violence

2. Brutalization Model= dehumanizing inmates will lead them to behave like the animals they are being treated as

Inmate Balance Theory = When officials crack down

Administrative Control Theory = Caused by lack of prison management and effective security

-illustrates how each actor work with the other actors to move cases through the courts system

-Defense attorney, prosector, and judge

Plea Bargain

(Definition)

Procedural= The "how" of the law that outlines procedures that government officials must follow when adjudicating defendents

Substantive= The "what" of law that describes what the law is rather than how the law should be enforced

1. Era of the Penitentiary (1800-1860)- due to the development of a formal penal system, and a reliance on incarceration.

2. Era of Reform (1870s)- emphasized treatment based on individual needs, no silence rule, introduced parole.

3. Era of Industry (1930s)- convict labor, convict leasing, labor programs.

4. Era of Rehabilitation- focused on needs of individual, less on criminal sanctions. Rehabilitation replace punitive.

5. Era of Retribution- more severe penalties and decreasing support for rehab

-usually owned by a private corp.

-does not make a difference in cost and effectiveness

Deprivation Model- used to explain the formation of prison subcultures and adaptations to the prison environment

Pains of imprisonment- loss of liberty, deprivation of goods and services, barring of heterosexual relations, limits to prisoners autonomy, and concerns over personal security.

Importation Model- skills, experiences, and attributes that individuals bring with them into prison effects the culture and environment and that person's ability to adjust.