Term
| What are the common respiratory tract infections? |
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Definition
RSPB
1) Rhinitis (almost always viral)
2) Sinusitis (could be Strep neumo or Haemophilus, but likely viral)
3) Pharyngitis (soar throat could be Group A Strep)
4) Bronchitis (usually viral, but could be Strep pneumo or Haemophilus influenzae)
5) Otitis media (usually viral, but could be Strep pneumo or Haemophilus influenzae) |
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Term
A patient presents with a productive cough, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea and fever.
What do you think it is and what is your differential? |
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Definition
These are the 4 cardinal signs of CA- Pneumonia
40% Strep 15% viral 20% Haemophilus
Moraxella catarrhalis and "atypicals" |
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Term
| What are the most common organisms to cause VA-Pneumonia? |
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Definition
1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
2) Staphyloccus aureus
3) Acinetobacter
4) Enterobacter cloacae
5) Klebsiella pneumonia |
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Term
A patient presents with cystitis (bladder inflammation), Dysuria (burning to pea) and increased frequency of urination.
Additionally, the patient has begun to develop a fever and back pain.
What is going on? |
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Definition
Sounds like a UTI that has progressed to acute pyelonephritis stage (kidney involvement!)
Most likely cause is E. coli, but could also be Staph saprophyticus (Novobiocin resistant). |
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Term
A patient who has had a vascular line in for 3 weeks presents with hypotension, tachycardia, decreased production of urine and cold extremities.
What do you do? |
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Definition
This sounds like a bacteremia related to their vascular line. They are probably in sepsis
Could be caused by Staphylococcus aureus or caogulase negative Strep epidermidits (Novobiocin sensitive).
Give them Ceftaroline or Vancomycin for MRSA |
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Term
| What are 3 common viruses that cause Rhinitis? |
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Definition
1) Rhinovirus
2) Coronavirus
3) RSV |
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Term
| Under what conditions would you would you be worried that a case of Sinusitis could have a bacterial cause? |
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Definition
If you see a fever and they have face pain.
Could be Strep or Haemophilus. |
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Term
| Which pathogens can arise from urethral catheterization? |
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Definition
| Most common are Candia albicans, Proteus mirabilis, E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis. |
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Term
| What kind of pathogenic source is most likely in the case of a prolonged bacteremia? |
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Definition
| Endovascular (Staph or Strep) |
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Term
| What is the difference between Meningitis and Encephalitis? |
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Definition
1) Meningitis concerns the membranes covering the Brain and Spinal Chord
2) Encephalitis concerns the actual brain
Can be seen in combination! |
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Term
| What are the most important etiologies associated with encephalitis? |
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Definition
1) HSV
2) Vector-borne (Flavivirus) |
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Term
| What are the most important etiologies associated with Meningitis? |
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Definition
1) Neisseria meningitidis
2) Strep pneumonia
3) Listeria monocytogenes
4) Enteroviruses (remember how Polio can spread to the CNS!) |
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Term
| Which STI has "painless" genital ulcers and which has "painful"? |
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Definition
Painless= Syphilis
Painful= HSV |
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Term
| What are the most important STI-related causes of Urethritis? |
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Definition
1) Chlamydia trachomatis
2) Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
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Term
| Which pathogens are most commonly associated with Diarrhea? |
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Definition
1) Enterics (Salmonella and Campylobacter)
2) Protozoa (Giardia and Crytoporidium)
3) Viruses (Norovirus and Rotavirus)
4) C. dif in hospitals. |
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Term
| What are the most common causes of Dermatidis? |
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Definition
1) Candida (Amphotericin or Azoles)
2) Dermatophytes (Terbanifine) |
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Term
| What are the most common causes of Superficial cellulitis? |
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Definition
1) Streptococcus spp (PCN)
Deeper infections involve Staph (Vancomycin) |
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Term
| A patient presents with Asplenia. What pathogens are you concerned about them contracting? |
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Definition
Reticulo-endothelial system (RES) abnormalities such as Asplenia (Liver cirrosis or Splenectomy) or Complement deficiencies (Lupus) predispose to Encapsulated organisms.
1) Streptococcus pneumoniae
2) Haemophilus influenzae
3) Neiserria meningitidis |
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Term
| Which immunocompromised states predispose a patient to encapsulated organism infection? |
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Definition
1) Opsonization and RES abnormalities
2) IgG deficiency in cases of Multiple myeloma or CVID
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Neiserria meningitidis |
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Term
| A patient presents with Multiple Myeloma. What OIs are you concerned about? |
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Definition
This is a IgG deficiency (other example of CVID)
Encapsulated organisms:
1) Streptococcus pneumoniae
2) Haemophilus influenzae
3) Neiserria meningitidis |
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Term
| What OI's are due to catalase positive organisms? |
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Definition
Granulocyte or Neutrophil abnormalities such as
-CGD (PMN dysfunction)
- Neutropenia
- Include Aspergillus (mold), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram - bacteria) ad Staphyloccus aureus (gram + bacteria)
* Staph and Pseudomonas are also common causes of VA pneumonia * |
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Term
| When might you see OI from Aspergillus (mold), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram - bacteria) and Staphyloccus aureus (gram + bacteria)? |
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Definition
| Catalase (+) organisms seen in CGD or Neutropenic situations. |
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Term
| What immunocompromised state is associated with Giardia infection? |
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Definition
| Protozoa seen in IgA, B-cell deficiency. |
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Term
| What OIs should you worry about in IgA deficiency vs. IgG deficiency? |
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Definition
IgA= Giardia
IgG (Multiple Myeloma/CVID)= Encapsulated organisms |
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Term
| What OIs do you see in T-cell compromised states? |
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Definition
1) Fungi and Yeasts= Pneumocystis jarovecii, Candida, Cryptococcus
2) Bacteria= Mycobacteria
3) Viruses= HSV, VZV, CMV, KSHV, HPV, JV
4) Parasites= Toxoplasma |
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Term
| When might you see a Pneumocystis jarovecii OI? |
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Definition
T-cel suppressed state.
Remember, P, jarovici is a fungus that causes pneumonia in HIV patients and lacks ergosterol (can't use Azoles or Amphotericin, but USE BACTRIM) |
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Term
| How does the flue typically present? |
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Definition
Sudden onset fever, muscle weakness and cough caused by influenza A or B
for A, you can you M2 inhibitors such as amantadine and rimantadine as well as Neuraminidase inhibitors (sialic acid analougues) such as zanamivir and oseltamivir
for B, you can only use Zanamivir and Oseltamivir |
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Term
| When do you see Urethritis vs. genital ulcers vs. genital warts? |
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Definition
1) Warts are in HPV
2) Urethritis- Chlamydia and N. gonorrhea
3) Painless Ulcers- Syphilis
Painful Ulcers- HSV |
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